Questions and Answers - Recent questions and answers in Biology

How is a form created for a single table?

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 08:28:36 +0000

How is a form created for a single table?

Answered: Write the procedure to open an existing database file?

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 08:21:40 +0000

Open an Access database from Windows Explorer. In Windows Explorer, navigate to the drive or folder containing the Access database file you want to open and double-click the database. Access starts and the database is opened. Open a database from within Access. If Access is already running, use the following procedure to open a database.

Answered: What are the four major components of the database systems?

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 08:17:52 +0000

A database is a collection of data or information. Database Management System (DBMS) is a program that manages data in a database.

A database could be as simple as a phone book or stock tables, or as sophisticated as a biological repository with terabytes (TB) of data. Keeping abreast with the technology trends the complexity and the effectiveness of the data management systems grew exponentially and lead to the development of advanced techniques.

These included die relational database model wherein relations between different pieces of data were employed to ensure fast storage and retrieval of data along with the ability to handle complex data storage.

This was followed by the development of object-oriented databases which view pieces or group of data as objects that could be directly manipulated. Generally a database system involves four major components.

1. Data

2. Hardware

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3. Software

4. Users

DBMS are employed by any reasonably self-contained commercial, scientific, technical or other organization (from a single individual to a large company) and may be used for many reasons. In recent years, the relational database has generally become the defect standard for database storage.

This is due to the usability of the relational model itself, and because it provides a standard interface called Structured Query Language (SQL) that allows many different database tools and products to work together in a consistent and understandable way.

Answered: What is identifier? Explain its type in detail.

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 08:10:21 +0000

Identifiers

Identifiers are names for entities in a C program, such as variables, arrays, functions, structures, unions and labels. An identifier can be composed only of uppercase, lowercase letters, underscore and digits, but should start only with an alphabet or an underscore. If the identifier is not used in an external link process, then it is called as internal. Example: Local variable. If the identifier is used in an external link process, then it is called as external. Example: Global variable

An identifier is a string of alphanumeric characters that begins with an alphabetic character or an underscore character that are used to represent various programming elements such as variables, functions, arrays, structures, unions and so on. Actually, an identifier is a user-defined word. There are 53 characters, to represent identifiers. They are 52 alphabetic characters (i.e., both uppercase and lowercase alphabets) and the underscore character. The underscore character is considered as a letter in identifiers. The underscore character is usually used in the middle of an identifier. There are 63 alphanumeric characters, i.e., 53 alphabetic characters and 10 digits (i.e., 0-9).

Rules for constructing identifiers

1. The first character in an identifier must be an alphabet or an underscore and can be followed only by any number alphabets, or digits or underscores.

2. They must not begin with a digit.

3. Uppercase and lowercase letters are distinct. That is, identifiers are case sensitive.

4. Commas or blank spaces are not allowed within an identifier.

5. Keywords cannot be used as an identifier.

6. Identifiers should not be of length more than 31 characters.

7. Identifiers must be meaningful, short, quickly and easily typed and easily read.

Valid identifiers: total sum average _x y_ mark_1 x1

Invalid identifiers

1x - begins with a digit

char - reserved word

x+y - special character

Note: Underscore character is usually used as a link between two words in long identifiers.

Answered: How is Microsoft Access started or Loaded?

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 08:07:52 +0000

The following message pops up when I attempt to open Microsoft Access from my desktop: Microsoft Access has failed. Your database might not funtion correctly. This can occur if you do not have the necessary permissions to install Microsoft Access on this computer." Is there a solution to this? I have already restarted my computer twice.

Answered: What elements combined, produce the physical database design? Explain it?

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 08:04:52 +0000

What elements comprise a database? This article deals mainly with the objects that comprise a database. Several concepts are worthy of coverage within the scope of the database as it relates to database design. As you work with data and databases, you will see how the origination of business information and databases is formulated into database elements. The intent here is to provide a brief coverage of basic database elements to provide you with a basic understanding of the elements found in a database.

Several topics are discussed in the following sections. These topics include:

The database schema

Schema objects

Indexes

Tables

Fields and columns

Records and rows

Keys

Relationships

Data types

Database Schema

A schema is quite simply a group of related objects in a database. Within a schema, objects that are related have relationships to one another, as discussed earlier. There is one owner of a schema, who has access to manipulate the structure of any object in the schema. A schema does not represent a person, although the schema is associated with a user account that resides in the database.

The three models associated with a schema are as follows:

The conceptual model, also called the logical model, is the basic database model, which deals with organizational structures that are used to define database structures such as tables and constraints.

The internal model, also called the physical model, deals with the physical storage of the database, as well as access to the data, such as through data storage in tables and the use of indexes to expedite data access. The internal model separates the physical requirements of the hardware and the operating system from the data model.

The external model, or application interface, deals with methods through which users may access the schema, such as through the use of a data input form. The external model allows relationships to be created between the user application and the data model. Figure 1 depicts a schema in a relational database.

Answered: What is loop? Explain while loop and give example.

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 08:02:25 +0000

In computer programming, a loop is a sequence of instruction s that is continually repeated until a certain condition is reached. Typically, a certain process is done, such as getting an item of data and changing it, and then some condition is checked such as whether a counter has reached a prescribed number. If it hasn't, the next instruction in the sequence is an instruction to return to the first instruction in the sequence and repeat the sequence. If the condition has been reached, the next instruction "falls through" to the next sequential instruction or branches outside the loop. A loop is a fundamental programming idea that is commonly used in writing programs.

An infinite loop is one that lacks a functioning exit routine . The result is that the loop repeats continually until the operating system senses it and terminates the program with an error or until some other event occurs (such as having the program automatically terminate after a certain duration of time).

Answered: Draw and explain ER diagram for the system or getting admission in your college?

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 07:45:38 +0000

MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Course Code: MCS-014

Course Title: Systems Analysis and Design

Assignment Number: MCA (I)/014/Assignment/15-16

Maximum Marks: 100

Weightage: 25%

Draw ERD for Online Admission System for a University. Make necessary assumptions.

ER Diagram

Notations for the components of ERD:

Entities: An entity is something about which the business needs to store data. An entity is a class of persons, places, objects, events or concepts about which we need to capture and store data. An entity instance is a single occurrence of an

entity.

Attribute: An attribute is a descriptive property or characteristic of an entity. Synonyms include element, property and field.A compound attribute is one that actually consists of other attributes. It is also known as a composite attribute. An attribute “Address” is the example of compound attribute as shown in the following illustration

Relationships: A relationship is a natural business association that exists between one or more entities. The relationship may represent an event that links the entities.

Cardinality: defines the minimum and maximum number of occurrences of one entity that may be related to a single occurrence of the other entity. Because all relationships are bidirectional, cardinality must be defined in both directions for every relationship.

Answered: Describe the different database models?

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 07:41:59 +0000

There are many kinds of data models. Some of the most common ones include:

Hierarchical database model

Relational model

Network model

Object-oriented database model

Entity-relationship model

Document model

Entity-attribute-value model

Star schema

The object-relational model, which combines the two that make up its name

You may choose to describe a database with any one of these depending on several factors. The biggest factor is whether the database management system you are using supports a particular model. Most database management systems are built with a particular data model in mind and require their users to adopt that model, although some do support multiple models.

In addition, different models apply to different stages of the database design process. High-level conceptual data models are best for mapping out relationships between data in ways that people perceive that data. Record-based logical models, on the other hand, more closely reflect ways that the data is stored on the server.

Selecting a data model is also a matter of aligning your priorities for the database with the strengths of a particular model, whether those priorities include speed, cost reduction, usability, or something else.

Let’s take a closer look at some of the most common database models.

Relational model

The most common model, the relational model sorts data into tables, also known as relations, each of which consists of columns and rows. Each column lists an attribute of the entity in question, such as price, zip code, or birth date. Together, the attributes in a relation are called a domain. A particular attribute or combination of attributes is chosen as a primary key that can be referred to in other tables, when it’s called a foreign key.

Each row, also called a tuple, includes data about a specific instance of the entity in question, such as a particular employee.

The model also accounts for the types of relationships between those tables, including one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many relationships. Here’s an example:

Answered: Write down the properties of relations in details?

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 07:36:43 +0000

This is simply not clicking for me. I'm currently learning math during the summer vacation and I'm on the chapter for relations and functions.

There are five properties for a relation:

Reflexive - R→R

Symmetrical - R→S ; S→R

Antisymmetrical - R→S && (R→R|| S→S)

Asymmetrical -R→S && !(R→R|| S→S)

Transitive - if R→S && S→T, then R→T

If that's not what you call the properties in English, then please let me know- I have to study it in German, unfortunately, and these are my rough translations.

Continuing on, I just don't know what to do with this information practically. The examples of the book are horrible:

1) "Is the same age as" is apparently reflexive, symmetrical and transitive. 2) "Is related to" is also apparently reflexive, symmetrical and transitive. 3) "Is older than" is asymmetric, antisymmetric and transitive.

There are more useless examples like this. I have no idea how it comes to these conclusions because we're talking about a literal statement. I was hoping perhaps for some real mathematical examples, but the book falls short on those.

I would greatly appreciate it if somebody could explain the above example and perhaps give me a better use for Relations other than... that. Also, how can a relation be a- and antisymmetrical at the same time? Don't they cancel each other out?

Answered: Define fputs() and fgets() functions and give example.

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 07:33:21 +0000

fopen(), fclose(), gets() and fputs() functions are file handling functions in C programming language. Please find below the description and syntax for each above file handling functions

MODE OF OPERATIONS PERFORMED ON A FILE IN C LANGUAGE:

There are many modes in opening a file. Based on the mode of file, it can be opened for reading or writing or appending the texts. They are listed below.

r – Opens a file in read mode and sets pointer to the first character in the file. It returns null if file does not exist.

w – Opens a file in write mode. It returns null if file could not be opened. If file exists, data are overwritten.

a – Opens a file in append mode. It returns null if file couldn’t be opened.

r+ – Opens a file for read and write mode and sets pointer to the first character in the file.

w+ – opens a file for read and write mode and sets pointer to the first character in the file.

a+ – Opens a file for read and write mode and sets pointer to the first character in the file. But, it can’t modify existing contents.

OTHER INBUILT FILE HANDLING FUNCTIONS IN C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:

C programming language offers many other inbuilt functions for handling files. They are given below. Please click on each function name below to know more details, example programs, output for the respective file handling function.

Answered: What is view? How do we create it?

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 07:30:21 +0000

432

A view provides several benefits.

1. Views can hide complexity

If you have a query that requires joining several tables, or has complex logic or calculations, you can code all that logic into a view, then select from the view just like you would a table.

2. Views can be used as a security mechanism

A view can select certain columns and/or rows from a table, and permissions set on the view instead of the underlying tables. This allows surfacing only the data that a user needs to see.

3. Views can simplify supporting legacy code

If you need to refactor a table that would break a lot of code, you can replace the table with a view of the same name. The view provides the exact same schema as the original table, while the actual schema has changed. This keeps the legacy code that references the table from breaking, allowing you to change the legacy code at your leisure.

These are just some of the many examples of how views can be useful.

Answered: What is field property? Describe different field properties in detail.

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 07:27:40 +0000

1. Data Types and Field Properties 5.01 Understand database tables used in business.

2. It’s All in the Details 5.01 Understand database tables used in business. Side Let’s dig a little deeper into the details of how data is formatted and represented in database tables

3. Data Types and Field Properties <ul><li>Data types and field properties are used to format data so that it can be used and managed </li></ul><ul><li>The data type defines the value of a cell and the field property defines the format of the data within the cell </li></ul><ul><li>For example: the data type for a zip code field is number and the field property is used to limit the size of the entry to 5 characters </li></ul>5.01 Understand database tables used in business. Side

4. Why are data types important? <ul><li>To control data. </li></ul><ul><li>In the example on the left , the Age data was sorted in descending order, but because the data type was not set as Number, the field cannot be sorted correctly. </li></ul>5.01 Understand database tables used in business. Side <ul><li>In the example on the right , the Adoption data was correctly sorted in ascending order because the data type for Date was used. </li></ul>

5. Example of a Data Type <ul><li>The data type for the adoption date field is date/time </li></ul>5.01 Understand database tables used in business. Side

6. What data types are available? <ul><li>Text </li></ul><ul><li>Memo </li></ul><ul><li>Number </li></ul><ul><li>Date/time </li></ul><ul><li>Currency </li></ul><ul><li>AutoNumber </li></ul><ul><li>Yes/No </li></ul><ul><li>Lookup Wizard </li></ul>5.01 Understand database tables used in business. Side Note: OLE Object and Hyperlink data types are not addressed in this objective.

7. When to use data types: <ul><li>Think of data types and field properties as tools that increase the power of the database. </li></ul><ul><li>The default format for all data types is text. </li></ul><ul><li>Use a different data type if you need to control how the data in a particular field will be searched, sorted, or used in calculations. </li></ul>5.01 Understand database tables used in business. Side

8. Why are field properties important? <ul><li>To control how data is entered in a field </li></ul><ul><li>Requiring the same format for all of the phone numbers is a way to ensure accuracy </li></ul>5.01 Understand database tables used in business. Side <ul><ul><li>In this example, an Input Mask field property was used to force the user to enter the telephone number in a specific format. </li></ul></ul>

9. Example of a Field Property <ul><li>An input mask field property is used for the Adoption Date field to make sure the date is entered correctly </li></ul>5.01 Understand database tables used in business. Side Actual Data

10. Field Properties: <ul><ul><li>Field Size </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Format </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Input mask </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Caption </li></ul></ul>5.01 Understand database tables used in business. Side Note: Only 4 field properties are mentioned and addressed in this objective.

11. When to set field properties: <ul><li>Use a field property if you want to specify how the data is entered, what data can be entered, and how the data will appear. </li></ul>5.01 Understand database tables used in business. Side

12. Steps in Creating a Database <ul><li>Plan the structure of the database (sketch on paper) </li></ul><ul><ul><li>How will the data be grouped? </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>What will the field names be? </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>What will you name the database? </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Open and save a new database </li></ul><ul><li>Create a table </li></ul><ul><li>Enter the field names </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Set the data types </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Set the field properties </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Enter the data </li></ul>5.01 Understand database tables used in business. Side

Answered: Explain the following functions: a) getc() function b) putc() function

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 07:21:50 +0000

putchar() function is a file handling function in C programming language which is used to write a character on standard output/screen. getchar() function is used to get/read a character from keyboard input. Please find below the description and syntax for above file handling function.

Explain the comparison of nested if and sequence of its statements. Give example of sequence of ifs.

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 07:12:50 +0000

Explain the comparison of nested if and sequence of its statements. Give example of sequence of ifs.

Answered: What is the use of data type in C. Explain different types used in C language

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 07:11:29 +0000

A data type determines the type and the operations that can be performed on the data. C++ provides various data types and each data type is represented differently within the computer's memory. The various data types provided by C++ are built-in data types, derived data types and user-defined data types as shown in Figure.

Built-In Data Types

The basic (fundamental) data types provided by c++ are integral, floating point and void data type. Among these data types, the integral and floating-point data types can be preceded by several type modifiers. These modifiers (also known as type qualifiers) are the keywords that alter either size or range or both of the data types. The various modifiers are short, long, signed and unsigned. By default the modifier is signed.

In addition to these basic data types, ANSI C++ has introduced two more data types namely, bool and wchar_t.

Integral Data Type: The integral data type is used to store integers and includes char (character) and int (integer) data types.

Char: Characters refer to the alphabet, numbers and other characters (such as {, @, #, etc.) defined in the ASCII character set. In C++, the char data type is also treated as an integer data type as the characters are internally stored as integers that range in value from -128 to 127. The char data type occupies 1 byte of memory (that is, it holds only one character at a time).

The modifiers that can precede char are signed and unsigned. The various character data types with their size an range are listed in Table

Int: Numbers without the fractional part represent integer data. In C++, the int data type is used to store integers such as 4, 42, 5233, -32, -745. Thus, it cannot store numbers such as 4.28, -62.533. The various integer data types with their size and range are listed in Table

Answered: What is constant? Explain different types of constants.

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 06:59:22 +0000

Constants :- Constants in java are fixed values those are not changed during the Execution of program java supports several types of Constants those are

1) Integer Constants:- Integer Constants refers to a Sequence of digits which Includes only negative or positive Values and many other things those are as follows

  An Integer Constant must have at Least one Digit

  it must not have a Decimal value

  it could be either positive or Negative

  if no sign is Specified then it should be treated as Positive

No Spaces and Commas are allowed in Name

2) Real Constants :-

A Real Constant must have at Least one Digit

it must have a Decimal value

it could be either positive or Negative

if no sign is Specified then it should be treated as Positive

No Spaces and Commas are allowed in Name

Like 251, 234.890 etc are Real Constants

In The Exponential Form of Representation the Real Constant is Represented in the two Parts The part before appearing e is called mantissa whereas the part following e is called Exponent.

In Real Constant The Mantissa and Exponent Part should be Separated by letter e

The Mantissa Part have may have either positive or Negative Sign

Default Sign is Positive

Single Character Constants:-

A Character is Single Alphabet a single digit or a Single Symbol that is enclosed within Single inverted commas.

Like ‘S’ ,’1’ etc are Single Character Constants

String Constants:- String is a Sequence of Characters Enclosed between double Quotes These Characters may be digits ,Alphabets Like “Hello” , “1234” etc.

Backslash Character Constants:- Java Also Supports Backslash Constants those are used in output methods For Example \n is used for new line Character These are also Called as escape Sequence or backslash character Constants For Ex:

Answered: Describe different steps involved in analysis while designing a database?

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 06:56:40 +0000

Database Design and Implementation applies to whatever industry you are in. Databases are increasingly critical for the medtech / life sciences sector.

Here is a step by step approach to designing and implementing a database in your organization, using specific data from a sweet shop case study. By the end of this tutorial, you will know about databases, advantages of databases system over the regular file system, the steps of a database design process, software development lifecycle, qualities of a well-built database, relations and relationships, data integrity, and more.

Background of Databases

The database system approach to data management overcomes many of the shortcomings of the traditional file system approach. One of the critical features of a database system is that data is stored as a single logical unit. What this means is that although the data may be spread across multiple physical files, the database conveys the data as being located in a single data repository. Organizing data in single logical repository allows for easy manipulation and querying of the data, in contrast with traditional file systems where the programmer must specify what and how the data retrieval is done.

With database systems, it need only be specified what must be done, the DBMS (Database Management System) does the rest. Another advantage of the database approach is that, because data is located in one single database, data in different physical locations need not be duplicated. The database software can interact with all the data in the database. Nonduplication of data is one way of maintaining the integrity of the data. When data is allowed to be duplicated, errors can happen if one instance of the data is altered and another instance remains the same. When data is allowed to be duplicated, more maintenance and system resources are required to ensure that data is always integral.

One of the most significant benefits of databases is that data can be shared or secured among users or applications. There are more control and accountability over how the data is managed because the data all resides in one database.

If there are shortcomings to database systems, its that much more powerful and sophisticated software is needed to control the database and designing the software and database can be extremely time-consuming. More extensive knowledge of how to use the database is required, thus making the database system less user-friendly than traditional file systems. Since the database is one logical repository, even a small error can damage the entire database and reduce the integrity of the data. One benchmark of a good database is one which is complete, integral, simple, understandable, flexible and implementable. Batini et al. say that database modeling strives for a “nonredundant, unified representation of all data managed in an organization.” By following the database/software development lifecycle methodology, and by using the data models, the database design goals are fulfilled and will minimize the disadvantages.

Answered: How would you create, edit, compile, link and execute a C program? Discuss briefly

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 06:50:51 +0000

eveloping a C program consists of several steps. These include writing, saving, compiling, linking, and executing of the program. A brief description of these steps using the Turbo C IDE it is given below;

Creating Source Program

Creating software with the first step in developing a C program.

The loader in system program that plays in the executable file into the computer memory.For example, in window operating system, when the name of an executable file is double clicked, the system loader load the car into the computer memory and executes it.

Answered: What is Escape sequence? Explain different types of escape sequence character used in C language.

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 06:39:50 +0000

Escape sequences are used in the programming languages C and C++, and also in many more languages (with some variations) like Java and C#. An escape sequence is a sequence of characters that does not represent itself when used inside a character or string literal, but is translated into another character or a sequence of characters that may be difficult or impossible to represent directly.

In C, all escape sequences consist of two or more characters, the first of which is the backslash, \ (called the "Escape character"); the remaining characters determine the interpretation of the escape sequence. For example, \n is an escape sequence that denotes a newline character. The remainder of this article focuses on C; other programming languages are likely to have different syntax and semantics.

What is a form? Explain its uses and advantages?

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 06:35:57 +0000

What is a form? Explain its uses and advantages?

Answered: Define the different layouts of forms.

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 06:32:46 +0000

This article throws light upon the five main types of layout. The types are: 1. Plant Layout 2. Process Layout 3. Product Layout 4. Combination Layout 5. Fixed Position Layout.

Type # 1. Plant Layout:

Plant layout means the disposition of the various facilities (equipments, material, manpower, etc.) and services of the plant within the area of the site selected previously. Plant layout begins with the design of the factory building and goes up to the location and movement of a work table. All the facilities like equipments, raw materials, machinery, tools, futures, workers, etc. are given a proper place. In deciding the place for equipment, the supervisors and workers who have to operate them should be consulted.

Objectives of Good Plant Layout:

In a good plant layout:

ADVERTISEMENTS:

(1) Material handling and transportation is minimized and efficiently controlled.

(2) Bottlenecks and points of congestions are eliminated (by line balancing) so that the raw material and semi-finished goods move fast from one work station to another.

(3) Work stations are designed suitably and properly.

(4) Suitable spaces are allocated to production centres and service centres.

(5) The movements made by the workers are minimized.

(6) Waiting time of the semi-finished products is minimized.

(7) Working conditions are safer, better (well ventilated rooms, etc.) and improved.

(8) There is increased flexibility for changes in product design and for future expansion.

How is a report created from two tables?

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 06:28:19 +0000

How is a report created from two tables?

Answered: What is normalization? How it can be used to bring the database in a consistent state?

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 06:22:24 +0000

Normalization

Database Normalization is a technique of organizing the data in the database. It is a systematic approach of decomposing tables into atomic entities to eliminate data redundancy and undesirable characteristics like Insertion, Update and Deletion Anomalies.

If a database design is not perfect, it may contain anomalies, which are like a bad dream for any database administrator. Managing a database with anomalies is difficult and next to impossible.

Normalization is a method to remove all these anomalies and bring the database to a consistent state.

It is a multi-step process that puts data into tabular form by removing duplicated data from the relation tables.

Normalization is used or serves mainly two purposes,

Eliminating redundant (useless or repetitive) data.

Ensuring data dependencies make sense i.e. data is logically stored.

Anomalies in DBMS

There are three types of anomalies that occur when the database is not normalized. These are – Insertion, update and deletion anomaly.

Update anomalies− If data items are scattered and are not linked to each other properly, then it could lead to strange situations. For example, when we try to update one data item having its copies scattered over several places, a few instances get updated properly while a few others are left with old values. Such instances leave the database in an inconsistent state.

Deletion anomalies− Say we tried to delete a record, but parts of it were left undeleted because of unawareness, the data is also saved somewhere else.

Insert anomalies– Say we tried to insert data in a record that does not exist at all.

Let’s take an example to understand this.

Suppose a manufacturing company stores the employee details in a table named employee that has four attributes: emp_id for storing employee’s id, emp_name for storing employee’s name, emp_address for storing employee’s address and emp_dept for storing the department details in which the employee works. At some point of time the table looks like this:

Answered: what is if-else if statement? Explain with the help of an example.

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 06:19:03 +0000

An if statement is a programming conditional statement that, if proved true, performs a function or displays information. Below is a general example of an if statement, not specific to any particular programming language.

In the example above, if the value of X were equal to any number less than 10, the program would print, or display, "Hello John" on the console when the script is run. See the conditional statement definition for further information and some basic programming examples.

Write a short note on functions that return a value and accept arguments and give example.

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 06:10:14 +0000

Write a short note on functions that return a value and accept arguments and give example.

Answered: What the names of functions that are used for formatted I/O in C language and give example.

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 06:08:44 +0000

The C Programming Language is also called the Mother of languages. The C language was developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 and is a second and third generation of languages. The C language provides both low and high level features it provides both the power of low-level languages and the flexibility and simplicity of high-level languages.

C provides standard functions scanf() and printf(), for performing formatted input and output .These functions accept, as parameters, a format specification string and a list of variables.

The format specification string is a character string that specifies the data type of each variable to be input or output and the size or width of the input and output.

Now to discuss formatted output in functions.

Formatted Output

The function printf() is used for formatted output to standard output based on a format specification. The format specification string, along with the data to be output, are the parameters to the printf() function.

Syntax:

printf (format, data1, data2,……..);

In this syntax format is the format specification string. This string contains, for each variable to be output, a specification beginning with the symbol % followed by a character called the conversion character.

Example:

printf (“%c”, data1);

The character specified after % is called a conversion character because it allows one data type to be converted to another type and printed.

See the following table conversion character and their meanings.

Answered: Describe the objectives and features of DBMS?

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 05:57:14 +0000

Various Objectives of Database Management System

Mass Storage

DBMS can store a lot of data in it. So for all the big firms, DBMS is really ideal technology to use. It can store thousands of records in it and one can fetch all that data whenever it is needed.

Removes Duplicity

If you have lots of data then data duplicity will occur for sure at any instance. DBMS guarantee it that there will be no data duplicity among all the records. While storing new records, DBMS makes sure that same data was

not inserted before.

Also See: Types of Database Users in DBMS

Multiple Users Access

No one handles the whole database alone. There are lots of users who are able to access database. So this situation may happen that two or more users are accessing database. They can change whatever they want, at that time DBMS makes it sure that they can work concurrently.

Data Protection

Information such as bank details, employee’s salary details and sale purchase details should always be kept secured. Also all the companies need their data secured from unauthorized use. DBMS gives a master level security to their data. No one can alter or modify the information without the privilege of using that data.

Data Back up and recovery

Sometimes database failure occurs so there is no option like one can say that all the data has been lost. There should be a backup of database so that on database failure it can be recovered. DBMS has the ability to backup and recover all the data in database.

Everyone can work on DBMS

There is no need to be a master of programming language if you want to work on DBMS. Any accountant who is having less technical knowledge can work on DBMS. All the definitions and descriptions are given in it so that even a non-technical background w=person can work on it.

Integrity

Integrity means your data is authentic and consistent. DBMS has various validity checks that make your data completely accurate and consistence.

Platform Independent

One can run dbms at any platform. No particular platform is required to work on database management system.

So it was all about Various Objectives of Database Management System. If you have any question regarding this topic then please comment below

Answered: How is a form is created by using the form wizard?

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 05:48:39 +0000

Access provides several quick-create form tools on the Create tab, each of which lets you create a form with a single click. However, if you want to be more selective about what fields appear on the form, you can use the Form Wizard instead. The wizard also lets you define how the data is grouped and sorted, and you can use fields from more than one table or query (provided that you specified the relationships between the tables and queries beforehand).

Note: This article doesn’t apply to Access web apps – the kind of database you design with Access and publish online.

Start the Form Wizard

On the Create tab, in the Forms group, click Form Wizard. Note, if you're using Access 2007, on the Create tab, in the Forms group, click More Forms, and then click Form Wizard.

Follow the directions on the pages of the Form Wizard.

Note: If you want to include fields from multiple tables and queries on the form, do not click Next or Finish after you select the fields from the first table or query on the first page of the Form Wizard. Instead, repeat the steps to select a table or query, and then click any additional fields that you want to include on the form. Then click Next or Finish to continue.

On the last page of the wizard, click Finish.

The Form Wizard can create a variety of results depending on the options that you select. As a result, we recommend that you run the wizard several times, experimenting with different options each time, until you get the results that you want.For more information about how to create relationships, see the article Create, edit or delete a relationship.

Answered: What are the conditions for a relation to be in second normal form? Give example?

Sat, 09 Feb 2019 05:40:05 +0000

2nd Normal Form Definition

A database is in second normal form if it satisfies the following conditions:

It is in first normal form

All non-key attributes are fully functional dependent on the primary key

In a table, if attribute B is functionally dependent on A, but is not functionally dependent on a proper subset of A, then B is considered fully functional dependent on A. Hence, in a 2NF table, all non-key attributes cannot be dependent on a subset of the primary key. Note that if the primary key is not a composite key, all non-key attributes are always fully functional dependent on the primary key. A table that is in 1st normal form and contains only a single key as the primary key is automatically in 2nd normal form.

2nd Normal Form Example

Consider the following example:

Answered: How would you investigate the pathway of water in parts of plants using a suitable stain? Draw diagram of experimental setup.

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 19:59:22 +0000

How would you investigate the pathway of water in parts of plants using a suitable stain? Draw diagram of experimental setup.

Answered: Give structure of stomach. Give process of digestion in stomach?

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 19:56:43 +0000

The stomach receives food from the esophagus. As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it enters thestomach through a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter. The stomach secretes acid and enzymes that digest food. ... The stomachmuscles contract periodically, churning food to enhance digestion.

Answered: You have observed the microscopic examination of a transverse section of the small intestine to show villi. Give its structure and label it?

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 19:54:22 +0000

Chyme released from the stomach enters the small intestine, which is the primary digestive organ in the body. Not only is this where most digestion occurs, it is also where practically all absorption occurs. The longest part of the alimentary canal, the small intestine is about 3.05 meters (10 feet) long in a living person (but about twice as long in a cadaver due to the loss of muscle tone). Since this makes it about five times longer than the large intestine, you might wonder why it is called “small.” In fact, its name derives from its relatively smaller diameter of only about 2.54 cm (1 in), compared with 7.62 cm (3 in) for the large intestine. As we’ll see shortly, in addition to its length, the folds and projections of the lining of the small intestine work to give it an enormous surface area, which is approximately 200 m2, more than 100 times the surface area of your skin. This large surface area is necessary for complex processes of digestion and absorption that occur within it.

Answered: How would you analyze the protein and fats. Give the tests to identify these compound?

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 19:49:28 +0000

Component Comparison. Proteins, carbohydrates and fats are made from three basic molecules: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. However, all proteins contain anelement not found in carbohydrates and fats -- nitrogen -- and some proteins also contain sulfur.

Answered: What is the percentage of blood parts in blood

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 19:47:07 +0000

In a healthy person, plasma constitutes about 55% by volume of blood, and cells or cell like bodies are about 45% by volume of the blood.

Answered: What is the relationship between the rate of transpiration and the number of stomata

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 19:44:57 +0000

As the number of stomata increases, the rate of transpiration also increases.

Answered: What is meant by skin?

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 19:29:49 +0000

The outermost covering of bodies of animals (humans) is known as skin. It is full of sensitive cells

Answered: The most terrible famines of twentieth century

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 19:28:44 +0000

The most terrible famines of the twentieth century are.

The Ethiopian famine 1983-85

The North Korean famine 1990

Answered: Which arteries supply blood (oxygenated) to ribs, kidney, intestine and heart muscles

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 19:26:41 +0000

Intercostal arteries supply blood to ribs. Renal arteries to kidney, mesenteric arteries to intestine. Coronary arteries supply blood to heart muscles.

Answered: What are faeces

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 19:24:49 +0000

The solid remains of food which contain undigested material are called faeces. Faeces also contain bacteria sloughed off cells of alimentary canal, bile pigment and water.

Answered: What is the importance of water for plants

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 19:23:10 +0000

Water is vital to plant life. It is not only necessary for photosynthesis and turgor, but also much cellular activities occur in the presence of water molecules and internal temperature of plant is regulated by water.

Answered: Why are individuals with blood group O called universal donors.

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 19:21:53 +0000

O blood group individuals are called universal donors because they can donate blood to the recipients of every other blood group.

Answered: What are platelets (thrombocytes)

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 19:20:16 +0000

They are not cells but are fragments of large cells of bone marrow, called megakaryocytes. They do not have any nucleus and any pigments.

Answered: What is meant by desiccation?

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 19:19:29 +0000

It is an extream condition of dryness.

Answered: Which is the largest gland of human body and where it is located?

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 19:18:34 +0000

Liver is the largest gland of human body. It lies beneath the diaphragm on the right side of abdomen.

Answered: . According to the pressure flow mechanism what is the actual force behind to movement of food in phloem.

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 19:16:39 +0000

he actual force behind the movement of food is phloem is drop in the pressure at the sink end.

Answered: How will you differentiate between bolus and chyme?

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 19:14:45 +0000

A small, slippery and spherical mass of food in oral cavity is called bolus. After partial digestion of starch and protein in food, it is changed into a soup-like mixture called chyme. Chyme is formed in stomach.

Describe the role of iron and boron in plants' life?

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 18:56:59 +0000

Describe the role of iron and boron in plants' life?

Answered: How is food moved from source.

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 18:56:16 +0000

At source, food (sugars) is moved by active transport into the sieve tubes of phloem. Due to the presence of sugar in sieve tubes, their solute concentration increases and water enters them from xylem (via osmosis). This results in higher pressure of water in these tubes, which drives the solution of food toward sink.

Answered: Define photolysis

Tue, 13 Nov 2018 18:53:44 +0000

The break down of water in the presence of light is called photoysis.