Questions and Answers - Recent questions and answers in Computer Science

Answered: What are the uses of computer in business?

Sat, 06 Apr 2019 06:16:52 +0000

Just about every business you can think of uses computers in one way or another to carry out its functions. From generating reports to communicating with clients, computers do a lot for the efficiency with which a business is run. The computer has brought the business a long way from the age of pen and paper, and folders stored in dusty storage compartments. The uses of a computer are simply endless.

Not only do businesses use computers to carry out different functions, they also use many different types of computers to carry out those functions. These functions include laptops, PCs, servers, and even smartphones. Because of computers, concepts such as flexible working schedules and remote work forces have become possible – enabling employees to work from wherever they want and at whatever times they wish.

Computers Are Used for Communication

When it comes to establishing contact with clients, computers are a vital tool; they are also vital when it comes to maintaining that contact. This is a very important computer application in business, enabling a business to communicate with its clients via email, IM, Skype, collaboration software, and via various other communication solutions that a business might wish to use.

When a business can keep in touch with its clients, it becomes easier for the clients to make inquiries of the business or to ask for more information about the services and products the business offers. It also becomes easier for the business to offer customer support to its clients in a timely, efficient manner. The business will also be able to keep the clients updated about any new developments concerning the business.

Communication goes beyond a business' clients. A business also needs to communicate with its employees, and computers play an important role. Rather than have time-wasting one-on-one meetings with employees, managers can simply email their employees or they can message them on any other acceptable communication platform. This saves time, and it also improves the internal communication of the business.

Answered: What is PROM?

Sat, 06 Apr 2019 06:14:49 +0000

In the United States, a promenade dance, most commonly called a prom, is a semi-formal (black tie) dance or gathering of high school students. This event is typically held near the end of the senior year (the last year of high school). Proms figure greatly in popular culture and are major events among high school students. High school juniors attending the prom may call it "junior prom" while high-school seniors may call it "senior prom". In practice, this event may be a combined junior/senior dance.

At a prom, a prom king and a prom queen may be revealed. These are honorary titles awarded to students elected in a school-wide vote prior to the prom, and seniors are usually awarded these titles.[1] Other students may be honored with inclusion in a prom court. The selection method for a prom court is similar to that of homecoming queen/princess, king, and court. Inclusion in a prom court may be a reflection of popularity of those students elected and their level of participation in school activities, such as clubs or sports.[2][3] The prom queen and prom king may be given crowns to wear. Members of the prom court may be given sashes to wear and photographed together.

Similar events take place in many other parts of the world. In Australia and New Zealand, the terms school formal, and ball are most commonly used for occasions equivalent to the American prom, and the event is usually held for students in senior years, although the bestowing of the regal titles rarely, if ever, occurs. Many schools hold a formal graduation ball for finishing students at the end of the year in place of or as well as a formal. In Ireland a debutante ball or debs may also be held. In Poland high schools organize a "studniówka". The term "prom" is becoming more common in the UK and Canada because of the influence of American films and television shows.

Answered: Define the type of viruses.

Sat, 06 Apr 2019 06:11:49 +0000

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.[1]

Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898,[2] about 5,000 virus species have been described in detail,[3] although there are millions of types.[4] Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity.[5][6] The study of viruses is known as virology, a sub-speciality of microbiology.

While not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles. These viral particles, also known as virions, consist of: (i) the genetic material made from either DNA or RNA, long molecules that carry genetic information; (ii) a protein coat, called the capsid, which surrounds and protects the genetic material; and in some cases (iii) an envelope of lipids that surrounds the protein coat. The shapes of these virus particles range from simple helical and icosahedral forms for some virus species to more complex structures for others. Most virus species have virions that are too small to be seen with an optical microscope. The average virion is about one one-hundredth the size of the average bacterium.

The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria. In evolution, viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer, which increases genetic diversity.[7] Viruses are considered by some to be a life form, because they carry genetic material, reproduce, and evolve through natural selection, but lack key characteristics (such as cell structure) that are generally considered necessary to count as life. Because they possess some but not all such qualities, viruses have been described as "organisms at the edge of life",[8] and as replicators.[9]

Viruses spread in many ways; viruses in plants are often transmitted from plant to plant by insects that feed on plant sap, such as aphids; viruses in animals can be carried by blood-sucking insects. These disease-bearing organisms are known as vectors. Influenza viruses are spread by coughing and sneezing. Norovirus and rotavirus, common causes of viral gastroenteritis, are transmitted by the faecal–oral route and are passed from person to person by contact, entering the body in food or water. HIV is one of several viruses transmitted through sexual contact and by exposure to infected blood. The variety of host cells that a virus can infect is called its "host range". This can be narrow, meaning a virus is capable of infecting few species, or broad, meaning it is capable of infecting many

Answered: What is relative referencing?

Sat, 06 Apr 2019 06:08:57 +0000

A cell reference or relative cell reference describes how far away a cell or group of cells is from another cell in the same spreadsheet. When dealing with a spreadsheet formula, the relative cell reference is the default behavior of a formula. For example, to add cells A2 and B2 together you could use the formula "=SUM(A2+B2)" in cell C2, and if you were to copy that formula into cell C3, it would be relative to C3 and become "=SUM(A3+B3)."

Answered: What is my document folder?

Sat, 06 Apr 2019 06:05:51 +0000

My Documents is the commonly recognized name of a special folder in Microsoft Windows (even though starting with Windows Vista, it is called Documents only, and the actual name of the folder might be different when the language of the installed copy of Windows is not English.) This folder is supposed to be a personal area where users store their personal non-shared documents. However, many software developers have ignored this convention and as a result, this folder has become a dumping ground for the application data such as files containing settings and saved games. Users cannot delete, move or organize these files without causing unwanted behavior in their software.

Until Windows XP, it contained other subfolders such as "My Pictures", "My Music" and "My Videos". Starting with Windows Vista, these subfolders were moved out of My Documents and were made its siblings.

Overview

Microsoft first introduced the "My Documents" folder in Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2, as a standard location for storing user-created files. The folder, located under the root directory of the boot volume. A shortcut to it is displayed directly on the user's desktop.

The Windows NT family of operating systems set up the "My Documents" folder in the user's profile folder. In Windows XP and earlier, the path is \Documents and Settings\[user name]\My Documents\ (alias %USERPROFILE%\My Documents\) on boot volume. A user can later change the physical location of "My Documents".[1] However, "My Documents" in Windows Explorer (and file dialog boxes) doesn't appear as an absolute path. In addition to translation, the display name of the folder might change depending on owner of the folder. For example, if a user who has logged on to Windows XP and later with user account A look at the personal folders of user account B via Windows Explorer, instead of "My Documents", he sees "B's Documents". This customization is achieved using desktop.ini file.[2][3]

Windows Vista makes a lot of changes to this folder. Dropping "My" in its name, it is stored in \Users\[user name]\Documents regardless of the Windows language. Windows Explorer, however, shows a different display name for it, depending on the chosen language. For instance, an English copy of Windows shows "My Documents", a French copy shows "Mes documents" and a German copy shows "Eigene Dokumente" (changed from "Eigene Dateien" in Windows XP). Additionally, "My Pictures", "My Music" and "My Videos" are not longer stored in it; they are now called "Pictures", "Music" and "Video" and are now its siblings

Answered: What is ISDN?

Sat, 06 Apr 2019 05:57:08 +0000

Integrated Service Digital Network, or ISDN, is the original high-speed internet service. It sparked the high-speed internet development between service providers during the 1990's and, of course, revolutionized internet use. Much like its predecessor, the dial-up internet service, ISDN utilizes a phone line. In fact, it set the standard for telephone data service.

ISDN internet service was the improvement upon dial-up, and it also paved the way for DSL and cable-modem internet service thereafter. It can be considered the step of internet evolution that lies between dial-up and DSL/Cable. Modernizing internet use and bringing high-speed access inside the home, ISDN became the standard by which rival broadband internet service providers competed. Although ISDN internet service still exists, like the dial-up connection it is being replaced by faster and cheaper services that the broadband companies are providing. Regardless, broadband high-speed internet service is still compared with ISDN today since they both represent the standard of their times.

ISDN internet service is basically a telephone-based network system that operates by a circuit switch, or dedicated line. It can transmit data and phone conversations digitally over normal telephone wires. This makes it both faster and of higher quality than dial-up internet service. During the 1990's this revolutionized the way people did business. No longer would you have to miss a call in order to access your internet, or shut down the internet to make a telephone call. As such, ISDN internet service made video teleconferencing not only possible, but very popular at this time as well.

There are two different types, or lines, of ISDN internet service. The first is a basic rate ISDN line. Called a Basic Rate Interface (BRI), this line has two data, or bearer, channels that operate at 64 kbit/sec. Two or more ISDN-BRI lines can be combined as well, yielding speeds of 256 kbit/sec. Combining these lines is common for video conferencing use or for transmitting data at higher speeds. The second type of ISDN line is called a primary rate line, or Primary Rate Interface (PRI). This line had 23 bearer channels and has a total speed of 1,544 kbit/sec. It is used mostly for telephone communication rather than data transmission, particularly within companies that have large, private telephone exchange systems operating inside their business.

The advantages of having ISDN internet service definitely lies in the data lines themselves. Not only do you have constant data speed via these lines, each bearer channel runs at 64 kbit/sec with the ability to be combined to reach greater speeds. ISDN internet serviced also allows for multiple data transmission, so telephone calls and data downloading are no longer mutually exclusive. The disadvantages, however, is that the digital clarity of ISDN voice communication and its speedy data transmission come at an extra cost. ISDN is billed like a phone line, but with an added cost for service. And although its operational distance from the ISDN central office is greater than that for DSL, its terminal adaptor (similar to a modem) is more expensive than DSL or cable modems. While this equipment and service continue to remain costly, it is leaving the way open for other internet services, like broadband, to quickly replace ISDN's share of the marketplace.

Answered: What is aligning paragraph in MS-Word?

Sat, 06 Apr 2019 05:48:39 +0000

Alignment is the feature in the ms-word which is used by the user to give different ways to position a paragraph or text. You can left align, right align, centre it and justify it.

Answered: Define zero-address instruction format

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 11:28:28 +0000

An instruction format in which the instruction contains no address, used when an address is not needed to specify the location of the operand, as in repetitive addressing. Also known as addressless instruction format.

Answered: What is X-axis and Y-axis in chart?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 11:26:41 +0000

The x-axis and y-axis are two lines that create the coordinate plane. The x -axis is a horizontal line and the y -axis is a vertical line. I'm sure you've heard that a million times, but it might hard for you to remember which one is which.

Answered: Describe microphone.

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 11:23:18 +0000

Sometimes abbreviated as mic, a microphone is a hardware peripheral and input device originally invented by Emile Berliner in 1877. A microphone allows computer users to input audio into their computers. The picture is an example of Blue Microphone's Yeti USB microphone - Silver Edition and an example of a high-quality computer microphone.

Answered: Define the term bandwidth.

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 11:18:07 +0000

Bandwidth is a broad term defined as the bit-rate measure of the transmission capacity over a network communication system. Bandwidth is also described as the carrying capacity of a channel or the data transfer speed of that channel. However, broadly defined, bandwidth is the capacity of a network. Bandwidth exists in physical or wireless communication networks.

Techopedia explains Bandwidth

Data is sent over a network from a source and is received by a node at its destination. Imagine that each side of the transmission has a modem with a different data rate. For example, the modem on the source side might be 256 Kbps, while the modem on the destination side is capable for 128 Kpbs. This will not be a good combination for efficient communication as both ends have different data transfer rates, which ultimately causes delays in communication.

Answered: What is Font in MS-Word?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 11:16:34 +0000

A great place to begin if you're new to TrueType, this article starts with the basics and provides links to more detailed information about the various aspects of TrueType.

What is TrueType?

TrueType fonts

The TrueType rasterizer

Scan conversion

A brief history of TrueType

Explaining the relationship between TrueType, TrueType Open, and TrueType GX, as well as the reasons TrueType exists at all. Frequently asked questions

TrueType, OpenType, all things type. If you've got questions, check out our answers. Embedding TrueType

TrueType font embedding is a powerful feature of various applications. This article explains how you can take advantage of this technology to make your documents truly portable. Smooth fonts in Microsoft Windows

This page explains how font smoothing works and why it helps.

ClearType

ClearType is an unprecedented innovation in font display technology. ClearType dramatically improves font display resolution and marks a genuine breakthrough in screen readability. Read more about this exciting technology that has revolutionized the way type is rendered on color LCD displays. Fonts and products

Ever wondered what fonts are installed by default when you set up a Web browser or operating system? Some of this info has been posted to our new Fonts and products section. Details of fonts installed by other product will be added soon. TrueType hinting

Answered: What is router?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 11:08:13 +0000

You are misunderstanding those articles. They are talking about a physical object that people use to connect their computers and/or access the internet wirelessly.

The reason they talk about routers is because many people do not properly forward their uTorrent port through the router and get slow speeds.

If you do not have a router, then you do not need to worry about that.

In uTorrent go to the Speed Guide (Ctrl+G) and test if your port is forwarded properly.

If it is, the you can use the speed guide to adjust your uTorrent settings for best speed.

See here for more info:

http://torrentforum.lamewire.info/viewtopic.php?t=925

If you fail the port forward test, then you will have to clear the port through your software firewall. There are some guides at the uTorrent forum:

Answered: What is meant by orientation of page in MS-Word?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 11:06:09 +0000

MS Word lets you create documents with pages that are in landscape or portrait view. You can change the orientation any time you want but it applies to every single page in a document. There is no option to change the page orientation for a single page in MS Word, at least not an obvious one. You can set a different orientation for any page within a document if you know which option to use.

Page Orientation For A Single Page

Open an MS Word document and go to the page you want to change the orientation for. Make sure there’s text on it and select the text. With the text selected, go to the Layout tab. On this tab, you can see a button labelled ‘Orientation’. Ignore it however, look at the toolbox that it is a part of.

Click the little arrow button at the bottom right corner of the Page Setup toolbox. Go to the Margins tab of the Page Setup window and choose the orientation you want to set for the page. Under the ‘Preview’ section, open the ‘Apply to’ dropdown and select the ‘Selected text’ option.

That all you need to do. The orientation for the page with the selected text will change to whichever one it is you selected.

You can apply this to several pages in the document and they don’t have to be contiguous. It’s really useful for when you have a table with lots of columns that refuses to fit in a portrait oriented page. Likewise, for images and charts, this is a great way to add them without shrinking them down to an unreadable size.

Answered: What is 3D sheet?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 11:04:19 +0000

A 3D reference is a reference to a cell that has the column and row and the sheet. So C3 would be a cell reference, but it does not say what sheet it is on, so it is not a 3D reference. If it was in Sheet2, then we include that followed by an exclamation mark and then the normal cell reference. So the 3D reference would be like this:

Answered: What is meant by GUI?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 11:02:19 +0000

A GUI (usually pronounced GOO-ee) is a graphical (rather than purely textual) user interface to a computer. As you read this, you are looking at the GUI or graphical user interface of your particular Web browser. The term came into existence because the first interactive user interfaces to computers were not graphical; they were text-and-keyboard oriented and usually consisted of commands you had to remember and computer responses that were infamously brief. The command interface of the DOS operating system (which you can still get to from your Windows operating system) is an example of the typical user-computer interface before GUIs arrived. An intermediate step in user interfaces between the command line interface and the GUI was the non-graphical menu-based interface, which let you interact by using a mouse rather than by having to type in keyboard commands.

Today's major operating systems provide a graphical user interface. Applications typically use the elements of the GUI that come with the operating system and add their own graphical user interface elements and ideas. A GUI sometimes uses one or more metaphors for objects familiar in real life, such as the desktop, the view through a window, or the physical layout in a building. Elements of a GUI include such things as: windows, pull-down menus, buttons, scroll bars, iconic images, wizards, the mouse, and no doubt many things that haven't been invented yet. With the increasing use of multimedia as part of the GUI, sound, voice, motion video, and virtual reality interfaces seem likely to become part of the GUI for many applications. A system's graphical user interface along with its input devices is sometimes referred to as its "look-and-feel."

The GUI familiar to most of us today in either the Mac or the Windows operating systems and their applications originated at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Laboratory in the late 1970s. Apple used it in their first Macintosh computers. Later, Microsoft used many of the same ideas in their first version of the Windows operating system for IBM-compatible PCs.

Answered: What is half duplex communication mode?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 11:00:52 +0000

Half-duplex data transmission means that data can be transmitted in both directions on a signal carrier, but not at the same time. For example, on a local area network using a technology that has half-duplex transmission, one workstation can send data on the line and then immediately receive data on the line from the same direction in which data was just transmitted. Like full-duplex transmission, half-duplex transmission implies a bidirectional line (one that can carry data in both directions).

Answered: Define page formatting in word.

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 10:49:37 +0000

The term "format" has several meanings, related to 1) disk formatting, 2) page formatting, and 3) file formats.

1) Disk formatting

In order for storage media, such as a hard drive or flash drive to be recognized by your computer, it first needs to be initialized, or "formatted." Formatting a disk involves testing the disk and writing a new file system onto the disk. This enables the computer to read the disk's directory structure, which defines the way files and folders are organized on the disk.

You can use a disk utility program to format or reformat a disk. This will create a blank, empty disk for storing your files. Therefore, only format disks that don't contain important data or make sure you have backed up your data before reformatting a disk!

When you reformat a disk, it will appear to be empty. This is because the directory structure has been rewritten, making the entire disk space available for writing new data. However, the old files are still on the disk. They just don't show up since they are no longer included in the directory structure. So if you accidentally format a disk (which is pretty hard to do), you may be able to retrieve your files using a disk utility such as Norton Disk Doctor or DiskWarrior.

2) Page formatting

The term "format" can also be used to describe the page layout or style of text in a word processing document. When you format the layout of a page, you can modify the page size, page margins, and line spacing. When you format the text, you can choose the font and font size, as well as text styles, such as bold, underlined, and italics.

3) File formats

A file format refers to the way data is saved within a file. For example, some files are saved in a plain text format, while others are saved as binary files. Software developers often create proprietary file formats for their programs, which prevents the files from being used by other applications.

Answered: Define the function manage hardware resources of operating system?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 10:44:41 +0000

If this sounds drastic, it really isn't. The truth is, the education methods and materials provided in online degree programs are often the same as those provided for on-campus programs. According to Robert Monroe, Director of the Online Hybrid MBA at Carnegie Mellon University's Tepper School of Business, the best online education programs actually mirror their on-campus equivalent.

Operating system serves many functions but I will discuss about the major functions which all operating systems have.

Basic Functions of the Operating system

The key five basic functions of any operating system are as following

Interface between the user and the hardware : An OS provides an interface between user and machine. This interface can be a graphical user interface (GUI) in which users click onscreen elements to interact with the OS or a command-line interface (CLI) in which users type commands at the command-line interface (CLI) to tell the OS to do things.

Answered: What is online education?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 10:09:16 +0000

Online education is a type of educational instruction that is delivered via the internet to students using their home computers. During the last decade, online degrees and courses have become popular alternative for a wide range of nontraditional students, include those who want to continue working full-time or raising families. Most of the time, online degree programs and courses are offered via the host school's online learning platform, although some are delivered using alternative technologies. Although there are subtle dissimilarities, the main difference between online and traditional learning is the fact that online education liberates the student from the usual trappings of on-campus degree programs — including driving to school, planning their schedule around classes, and being physically present for each sequence of their coursework.

If this sounds drastic, it really isn't. The truth is, the education methods and materials provided in online degree programs are often the same as those provided for on-campus programs. According to Robert Monroe, Director of the Online Hybrid MBA at Carnegie Mellon University's Tepper School of Business, the best online education programs actually mirror their on-campus equivalent.

Answered: Write the name of antivirus's software?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 10:03:17 +0000

Norton AntiVirus is among the best-selling and well-known antivirus software. Basic Norton AntiVirus 2010 is available as of summer 2010. It costs $39.99 for a one-year subscription, for one PC. After one year, the subscription is renewable. Many desktops and laptops come with pre-installed trial versions of Norton AntiVirus. This program offers basic protection against viruses, automated scheduling to run the product, and analysis of all downloads for viruses. Updates of the software are available as free downloads online, and the application tells you at-a-glance how many days are remaining on your subscription. In addition to Norton AntiVirus, Norton offers more enhanced antivirus products such as Norton Internet Security and Norton 360. These products offer further protection for your computer network and advanced identity protection.

Kaspersky

Kaspersky Lab produces antivirus software programs such as Kaspersky Antivirus and Kaspersky Internet Security. Purchased separately or as a bundle, Kaspersky software has hourly signature updates, threat protection, identity theft protection and advanced security using real-time analysis of websites. Kaspersky has a variety of pricing options based on the number of PCs and years you will need the product. Kaspersky Antivirus is available for $59.95 for one year or $89.95 for two years installable on up to three PCs.

Norton AntiVirus is among the best-selling and well-known antivirus software. Basic Norton AntiVirus 2010 is available as of summer 2010. It costs $39.99 for a one-year subscription, for one PC. After one year, the subscription is renewable. Many desktops and laptops come with pre-installed trial versions of Norton AntiVirus. This program offers basic protection against viruses, automated scheduling to run the product, and analysis of all downloads for viruses. Updates of the software are available as free downloads online, and the application tells you at-a-glance how many days are remaining on your subscription. In addition to Norton AntiVirus, Norton offers more enhanced antivirus products such as Norton Internet Security and Norton 360. These products offer further protection for your computer network and advanced identity protection.

Kaspersky

Kaspersky Lab produces antivirus software programs such as Kaspersky Antivirus and Kaspersky Internet Security. Purchased separately or as a bundle, Kaspersky software has hourly signature updates, threat protection, identity theft protection and advanced security using real-time analysis of websites. Kaspersky has a variety of pricing options based on the number of PCs and years you will need the product. Kaspersky Antivirus is available for $59.95 for one year or $89.95 for two years installable on up to three PCs.

Answered: List some applications of Spreadsheet.

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 09:57:52 +0000

Spreadsheets are frequently used to record information and perform calculations on the results of investigations and experiments. In mathematics, spreadsheets are particularly useful when a number of repetitive calculations need to be performed. The main features of the Microsoft® Excel spreadsheet are described below. Open a new Excel spreadsheet to help you identify the features described.

Answered: How does asynchronous transmission take place?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 09:55:04 +0000

With asynchronous transmission signal timing is not required; signals are sent in an agreed pattern of bits and if both ends are agreed on the pattern then communication can take place.

Bits are grouped together and consist of both data and control bits. If the signal is not synchronised the receiver will not be able to distinguish when the next group of bits will arrive. To overcome this the data is preceded by a start bit, usually binary 0, the byte is then sent and a stop bit or bits are added to the end. Each byte to be sent now incorporates extra control data. In addition to the control data small gaps are inserted between each chunk to distinguish each group.

In asynchronous transmission each bit remains timed in the usual way. Therefore, at bit level the transmission is still synchronous (timed). However, the asynchronous transmission is applied at byte level, once the receiver realises that there is a chunk of incoming data timing (synchronisation) takes place for the chunk of data.

Asynchronous transmission is relatively slow due to the increased number of bits and gaps. It is a cheap and effective form of serial transmission and is particularly suited for low speed connections such as keyboard and mouse.

One example of asynchronous transfer is Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) switching. ATM allows voice, data and video to be transmitted in fixed length cells of 53 bytes.

Answered: What is gateway?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 09:45:42 +0000

A gateway is a node (router) in a computer network, a key stopping point for data on its way to or from other networks. Thanks to gateways, we are able to communicate and send data back and forth. The Internet wouldn't be any use to us without gateways (as well as a lot of other hardware and software).

In a workplace, the gateway is the computer that routes traffic from a workstation to the outside network that is serving up the Web pages. For basic Internet connections at home, the gateway is the Internet Service Provider that gives you access to the entire Internet.

A node is simply a physical place where the data stops for either transporting or reading/using. (A computer or modem is a node; a computer cable isn't.) Here are a few node notes:

On the Internet, the node that's a stopping point can be a gateway or a host node.

A computer that controls the traffic your Internet Service Provider (ISP) receives is a node.

If you have a wireless network at home that gives your entire family access to the Internet, your gateway is the modem (or modem-router combo) your ISP provides so you can connect to their network. On the other end, the computer that controls all of the data traffic your Internet Service Provider (ISP) takes and sends out is itself a node.

When a computer-server acts as a gateway, it also operates as a firewall and a proxy server. A firewall keeps out unwanted traffic and outsiders off a private network. A proxy server is software that "sits" between programs on your computer that you use (such as a Web browser) and a computer server—the computer that serves your network. The proxy server's task is to make sure the real server can handle your online data requests.

Answered: What is the function of LU in ALU?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 09:42:30 +0000

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware,[1][2] although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers.

The dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 82.74%. macOS by Apple Inc. is in second place (13.23%), and the varieties of Linux are collectively in third place (1.57%).[3] In the mobile (smartphone and tablet combined) sector, use in 2017 is up to 70% of Google's Android[4] and according to third quarter 2016 data, Android on smartphones is dominant with 87.5 percent and a growth rate 10.3 percent per year, followed by Apple's iOS with 12.1 percent and a per year decrease in market share of 5.2 percent, while other operating systems amount to just 0.3 percent.[5] Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors. Other specialized classes of operating systems, such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications.

Answered: What is operating system?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 09:39:21 +0000

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware,[1][2] although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers.

The dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 82.74%. macOS by Apple Inc. is in second place (13.23%), and the varieties of Linux are collectively in third place (1.57%).[3] In the mobile (smartphone and tablet combined) sector, use in 2017 is up to 70% of Google's Android[4] and according to third quarter 2016 data, Android on smartphones is dominant with 87.5 percent and a growth rate 10.3 percent per year, followed by Apple's iOS with 12.1 percent and a per year decrease in market share of 5.2 percent, while other operating systems amount to just 0.3 percent.[5] Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors. Other specialized classes of operating systems, such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications.

Answered: Explain computer aided design.

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 09:36:44 +0000

CAD (computer-aided design) software is used by architects, engineers, drafters, artists, and others to create precision drawings or technical illustrations. CAD software can be used to create two-dimensional (2-D) drawings or three-dimensional (3-D) models.

CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing) is software used to design products such as electronic circuit boards in computers and other devices.

Answered: Enlist the elements of chart in MS-Excel?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 09:30:31 +0000

Home » Microsoft Excel » Introduction to Various Elements of Chart in MS Excel Spreadsheet Introduction to Various Elements of Chart in MS Excel Spreadsheet Written on April 11, 2016 by Claudio Dias in Microsoft Excel No Comments

Answered: What is CPU?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 09:26:40 +0000

CPU (pronounced as separate letters) is the abbreviation for central processing unit. Sometimes referred to simply as the central processor, but more commonly called processor, the CPU is the brains of the computer where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.

On large machines, the CPU requires one or more printed circuit boards. On personal computers and small workstations, it is housed in a single chip called a microprocessor. Since the 1970's the microprocessor class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other CPU implementations.

The CPU itself is an internal component of the computer. Modern CPUs are small and square and contain multiple metallic connectors or pins on the underside. The CPU is inserted directly into a CPU socket, pin side down, on the motherboard.

Each motherboard will support only a specific type (or range) of CPU, so you must check the motherboard manufacturer's specifications before attempting to replace or upgrade a CPU in your computer. Modern CPUs also have an attached heat sink and small fan that go directly on top of the CPU to help dissipate heat.

Answered: What is meant by message in data communication?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 09:23:11 +0000

Components of data communication system. A Communication system has following components: 1. Message: It is the information or data to be communicated.It can consist of text, numbers, pictures, sound or video or any combination of these.

Answered: What is purpose of computer network?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 09:20:39 +0000

The purpose of a computer network is that of sharing resources and data between computer systems. Those shared resources would include that of data storage, printers and other devices. Computer networking allows the sharing of a feature such as a DVD player from one computer to another in the network that does not have a DVD player, as an example of shared resources.

The establishment of standardized network protocols enables the exchange to take place between personal computers and the server software. Several different network protocols can operate simultaneously with a proper design.

Network infrastructure also includes terminal servers, hubs, switches, routers, bridges and gateways. They move data through the computer network.

Answered: What is Page setup dialog box?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 09:15:05 +0000

In theory, Windows 10 always displays your work as if it were printed on paper. Microsoft’s marketing department calls it What You See Is What You Get, forever disgraced with the awful acronym WYSIWYG and its awkward pronunciation: “wizzy-wig.” If what you see onscreen isn‘t what you want to see on paper, a trip to the program’s Page Setup dialog box, shown here, usually sets things straight.

Page Setup, found on nearly any desktop program’s File menu, offers several ways to flow your work across a printed page (and subsequently your screen). Page Setup dialog boxes differ among programs and print models, but the following list describes the options that you’ll find most often and the settings that usually work best:

Page Size: This option lets your program know what size of paper currently lives inside your printer. Leave this option set to Letter for printing on standard, 8.5-x-11-inch sheets of paper. Change this setting if you’re using legal-size paper (8.5 x 14), envelopes, or other paper sizes.

Source: Choose Automatically Select or Sheet Feeder unless you’re using a fancy printer that accepts paper from more than one printer tray. People who have printers with two or more printer trays can select the tray containing the correct paper size. Some printers offer Manual Paper Feed, making the printer wait until you slide in that single sheet of paper.

Header/Footer: Type secret codes in these boxes to customize what the printer places along the top and bottom of your pages: page numbers, titles, and dates, for example, as well as their spacing. Unfortunately, different programs use different codes for their header and footer. If you spot a little question mark in the Page Setup dialog box’s top-right corner, click it and then click inside the Header or Footer box for clues to the secret codes.

Orientation: Leave this option set to Portrait to print normal pages that read vertically like a letter. Choose Landscape only when you want to print sideways, which is a handy way to print wide spreadsheets. (If you choose Landscape, the printer automatically prints the page sideways; you don’t need to slide the paper sideways into your printer.)

What are the limitations of spreadsheet?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 09:03:36 +0000

What are the limitations of spreadsheet?

Answered: What is Bus topology?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 08:37:47 +0000

Alternatively referred to as a line topology, a bus topology is a network setup in which each computer and network device are connected to a single cable or backbone. Depending on the type of network card used in each computer of the bus topology, a coaxial cable or an RJ-45 network cable is used to connect them together.

The following sections contain both the advantages and disadvantages of using a bus topology with your devices.

Advantages of bus topology

It works well when you have a small network.

It's the easiest network topology for connecting computers or peripherals in a linear fashion.

It requires less cable length than a star topology.

Disadvantages of bus topology

It can be difficult to identify the problems if the whole network goes down.

It can be hard to troubleshoot individual device issues.

Bus topology is not great for large networks.

Terminators are required for both ends of the main cable.

Additional devices slow the network down.

If a main cable is damaged, the network fails or splits into two.

Related pages

Answered: What can be sent as an Email?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 08:34:03 +0000

Despite the fact that just about everyone can read their email on their smartphone, there may be times and situations when you’d like to send a short email as a text.

This is particularly useful if you’re emailing a non-smartphone user, need to send a text when you’re away from your phone, or want to use a text for branding purposes. Professionals tend to pay far more attention to texts than emails, so it can be a powerful communication strategy.

The process works via an email to SMS gateway. As long as you know the phone number of the recipient in question — and the name of their service provider — it’s easy to locate an appropriate gateway address for forwarding your message. Here is everything you need to know about how to send a text from your email account.

Answered: How internet is useful?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 08:30:26 +0000

it's a great form of communication, and a great platform for communication. That's pretty much it, but that is a BIG deal. Think about how the telephone changed history, being able to talk to just a single person. Now, multiple that by the number of people you can talk to on the internet (I don't know of this is mathematically correct, but it should provide some insight on how useful).

Someone in communications may be able to give deeper into that, but that's not my field.

Answered: Describe asynchronous data transmission.

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 08:27:12 +0000

Asynchronous transmission is the transmission of data in which each character is a self-contained unit with its own start and stop bits and an uneven interval between them.

Asynchronous transmission is also referred to as start/stop transmission.

Techopedia explains Asynchronous Transmission

Asynchronous transmission uses start and stop bits to signify the beginning and ending bits. The additional one at the start and end of a transmission alerts the receiver to the occurrence of the first character and last character. The asynchronous transmission method is deployed when data is sent as packets as opposed to in a solid stream. The start and stop bits have opposite polarity, allowing the receiver to understand when the second packet of information has been sent.

The two main characteristics specific to asynchronous communication are:

Every character is preceded by a start bit and followed by one or more stop bits

Spaces between characters are common

Answered: What is topology?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 08:22:54 +0000

In mathematics, topology (from the Greek τόπος, place, and λόγος, study) is concerned with the properties of space that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling and bending, but not tearing or gluing.

An n-dimensional topological space is a space (not necessarily Euclidean) with certain properties of connectedness and compactness.[1]

The space may be continuous (like all points on a rubber sheet), or discrete (like the set of integers). It can be open (like the set of points inside a circle) or closed (like the set of points inside a circle, together with the points on the circle).

Topology developed as a field of study out of geometry and set theory, through analysis of concepts such as space, dimension, and transformation.[2] Such ideas go back to Gottfried Leibniz, who in the 17th century envisioned the geometria situs (Greek-Latin for "geometry of place") and analysis situs (Greek-Latin for "picking apart of place"). Leonhard Euler's Seven Bridges of Königsberg Problem and Polyhedron Formula are arguably the field's first theorems. The term topology was introduced by Johann Benedict Listing in the 19th century, although it was not until the first decades of the 20th century that the idea of a topological space was developed. By the middle of the 20th century, topology had become a major branch of mathematics.

Answered: What is meant by ATM?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 08:19:54 +0000

An automated teller machine (ATM) is an electronic banking outlet that allows customers to complete basic transactions without the aid of a branch representative or teller. Anyone with a credit card or debit card can access most ATMs.

The first ATM appeared in London in 1967, and in less than 50 years, ATMs spread around the globe, securing a presence in every major country and even tiny little island nations such as Kiribati and the Federated States of Micronesia.

ATMs are convenient, allowing consumers to perform quick, self-serve transactions from everyday banking like deposits and withdrawals to more complex transactions like bill payments and transfers.

Understanding Automated Teller Machines (ATMs)

Since the first ATM appeared in 1967, the popularity of these machines has steadily been on the rise. There are more than 3.5 million ATMs in use across the world. They are also known in different parts of the world as automated bank machines (ABM) or bank machines.

There are two primary types of ATMs. Basic units only allow customers to withdraw cash and receive updated account balances. The more complex machines accept deposits, facilitate line-of-credit payments, transfers, and report account information. To access the advanced features of the complex units, a user must be an account holder at the bank that operates the machine.

Analysts anticipate ATMs will become even more popular and forecast an increase in the number of ATM withdrawals. ATMs of the future are likely to be full-service terminals instead of or in addition to traditional bank tellers.

Answered: How computer can be used in marketing?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 08:16:55 +0000

Computers are an integral part of today's marketing world. From search engine marketing to graphic design, marketing professionals use computers in every aspect of their jobs. According to the January 2009 "Wall Street Journal" article entitled, "New Info Shoppers," 92 percent of consumers trust information they seek online rather than from a retail clerk in a brick-and-mortar store or other source. Furthermore, more than half of consumers reported that they research products online before making a purchase in an actual store, according to a May 2009 Verdict Research survey. Likewise, companies are using computers to boost their online marketing efforts and implement web strategies that strengthen their organization's brand and increase their visibility and influence in the marketplace.

Answered: Define monochrome monitor.

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 08:11:47 +0000

A monochrome monitor is a type of CRT computer monitor which was very common in the early days of computing, from the 1960s through the 1980s, before color monitors became popular. They are still widely used in applications such as computerized cash register systems, owing to the age of many registers. Green screen was the common name for a monochrome monitor using a green "P1" phosphor screen.[1]

Abundant in the early-to-mid-1980s, they succeeded Teletype terminals and preceded color CRTs and later LCDs as the predominant visual output device for computers.

Unlike color monitors, which display text and graphics in multiple colors through the use of alternating-intensity red, green, and blue phosphors, monochrome monitors have only one color of phosphor (mono means "one", and chrome means "color"). All text and graphics are displayed in that color. Some monitors have the ability to vary the brightness of individual pixels, thereby creating the illusion of depth and color, exactly like a black-and-white television.

Typically, only a limited set of brightness levels was provided to save display memory which was very expensive in the '70s and '80s. Either normal/bright or normal/dim (1 bit) per character as in the VT100 or black/white per pixel in the Macintosh 128K or black, dark gray, light gray, white (2bit) per pixel like the NeXT MegaPixel Display.

Monochrome monitors are commonly available in three colors: if the P1 phosphor is used, the screen is green monochrome. If the P3 phosphor is used, the screen is amber monochrome. If the P4 phosphor is used, the screen is white monochrome (known as "paper white"); this is the same phosphor as used in early television sets. An amber screen was claimed to give improved ergonomics, specifically by reducing eye strain; this claim appears to have little scientific basis.[2] However, the color amber is a softer light, and would be less disruptive to a user's circadian rhythm.

Answered: What is meant by indent?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 08:09:56 +0000

1 (1) indent 1 of annex 1 to 3 (1) of the hoai (parts of lph 1 and 2 and lph 3 and 4) - building physics for building acoustics (sound insulation) and room acoustics within the meaning of no. General Planning Services For The Construction Of A Biomass Center (fermentation Plant (continuous Process) With Downstream Composting)

Answered: What is the difference between insert and over type mode?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 08:07:15 +0000

Insert will insert the letter/numebr that you type wherever your cursor happens to be.

I.e., if you type the letters 'ot', place your cursor between the two. If MS Word is in 'insert' mode, and you typ the letter 'u', it will insert the letter.

On the other hand, if you do the same thing, and MS word is in Overwrite mode, the 'u' that you type will over write the 't', leaving you with 'ou'.

Answered: What decoder?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 08:04:10 +0000

Technology

Audio decoder converts digital audio to analog form

Binary decoder, digital circuits such as 1-of-N and seven-segment decoders

Decompress (compression decoder), converts compressed data (e.g., audio/video/images) to an uncompressed form

Instruction decoder, an electronic circuit that converts computer instructions into CPU control signals

Quadrature decoder, converts signals from an incremental encoder into counter control signals

Video decoder, converts base-band analog video to digital form

Music

Decoder (band), a defunct post-hardcore band that was briefly named Lead Hands

Decoder (duo), a drum and bass duo

Decoder (album)

Answered: What is Peer-to-Peer?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 07:41:50 +0000

Give a WOW is the premiere platform for peer to peer recognition in the workplace. Create a dynamic culture of appreciation through the social-media style interface that makes recognition simple, fun and meaningful.

With Give a WOW, employees can give and receive recognition for great work in real time. Flexible for businesses small and large, Give a WOW is customized for your core values so that each recognition moment reinforces your mission on a daily basis.

Answered: Describe the use of web server

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 07:40:14 +0000

A Web server is a program that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) to serve the files that form Web pages to users, in response to their requests, which are forwarded by their computers' HTTP clients. Dedicated computers and appliances may be referred to as Web servers as well.

The process is an example of the client/server model. All computers that host Web sites must have Web server programs. Leading Web servers include Apache (the most widely-installed Web server), Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) and nginx (pronounced engine X) from NGNIX. Other Web servers include Novell's NetWare server, Google Web Server (GWS) and IBM's family of Domino servers.

Web servers often come as part of a larger package of Internet- and intranet-related programs for serving email, downloading requests for File Transfer Protocol (FTP) files, and building and publishing Web pages. Considerations in choosing a Web server include how well it works with the operating system and other servers, its ability to handle server-side programming, security characteristics, and the particular publishing, search engine and site building tools that come with it.

Answered: What is SRAM?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 07:38:08 +0000

SRAM (static RAM) is random access memory (RAM) that retains data bits in its memory as long as power is being supplied. Unlike dynamic RAM (DRAM), which stores bits in cells consisting of a capacitor and a transistor, SRAM does not have to be periodically refreshed. Static RAM provides faster access to data and is more expensive than DRAM. SRAM is used for a computer's cache memory and as part of the random access memory digital-to-analog converter on a video card.

Answered: What is pirated software?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 07:30:48 +0000

Pirated software is software which has been duplicated and distributed without authorization. A number of activities could be considered software piracy, with the classic example being someone who makes multiple copies of a program and sells the copies. Piracy of software is generally prosecuted under copyright infringement laws, under the argument that piracy infringes upon the copyrights held by the developer of the software.

Since the 1700s, people have been referring to instances of copyright infringement as piracy, and with the advent of the computer age, piracy began to explode because it became easy to do, and potentially highly lucrative. Software pirates can make a great deal of money by purchasing a single legitimate copy of a piece of software, copying it, and selling it. People may make a conscious choice to buy pirated software, or they may be fooled into buying illegally copied software by savvy pirates who take care to package their products believably.

If software is copied and given away, some people do not consider it piracy, but simple copyright infringement. This activity is still illegal, but it does not provide monetary benefits for the person doing the copying and distribution. The line blurs even further when people do things like installing a piece of software on multiple computers when the software license only allows one copy to be installed, or when people make backups of software for personal use.

From the point of view of software companies, unauthorized copying and distribution, whether copyright infringement or outright piracy, is harmful because it deprives them of profits. It can also damage their reputations, as pirated software may be faulty or loaded with malware, in which case users may express anger with the product and the company. Piracy is also an issue because it can threaten the safety of computer users, since pirated software products may be used to harvest personal information, load a computer with viruses, or engage in other activities which will hurt the user.

A number of types of software are pirated, ranging from games to office productivity software. Operating systems are also popular targets for piracy. Some people may engage in piracy unwittingly, as in the case of an office which installs more copies of an operating system or program than it has licenses for. Penalties for possessing and selling pirated software vary, with colleges and schools in particular cracking down on piracy to address safety concerns and complaints from producers of software.

Answered: What is receiver?

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 07:28:26 +0000

1. One that receives something: a receiver of many compliments.

2. A device, such as a part of a radio, television set, or telephone, that converts incoming electromagnetic signals into sound, light, or electrical signals.

3. A person appointed by a court to receive and responsibly administer funds or property connected with ongoing litigation.

4. A person who knowingly buys or receives stolen goods.

5. A receptacle intended for a specific purpose.

6.

a. Football A member of the offensive team eligible to catch a forward pass.

b. Sports A player who receives a pass.

c. Baseball The catcher.

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

receiver

1. a person who receives something; recipient

2. (Law) a person appointed by a court to manage property pending the outcome of litigation, during the infancy of the owner, or after the owner(s) has been declared bankrupt or of unsound mind

3. (Law) chiefly Brit a person who receives stolen goods knowing that they have been stolen

4. (Electronics) the equipment in a telephone, radio, or television that receives incoming electrical signals or modulated radio waves and converts them into the original audio or video signals

5. (Telecommunications) the part of a telephone containing the earpiece and mouthpiece that is held by the telephone user

6. (Electronics) the equipment in a radar system, radio telescope, etc, that converts incoming radio signals into a useful form, usually displayed on the screen of a cathode-ray oscilloscope

7. an obsolete word for receptacle

8. (Chemistry) chem a vessel in which the distillate is collected during distillation

9. (General Sporting Terms) sport US a player whose function is to receive the ball, esp a footballer who catches long passes

10. (Firearms, Gunnery, Ordnance & Artillery) the metallic frame situated behind the breech of a gun to guide the round into the chamber

Answered: Define stylus.

Fri, 05 Apr 2019 07:26:58 +0000

Stylus definition, an instrument of metal, bone, or the like, used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets, having one end pointed for incising the letters and the other end blunt for rubbing out writing and smoothing the tablet.