Questions and Answers - Recent questions and answers in Geography

Answered: What is the importance of polar star?

Mon, 07 Jan 2019 06:45:14 +0000

North pole can be detected by the Polar star which remains always overhead North pole.

It also is used to assist humans in finding north - since it's stays in the same place all through the night and year. The Pole Star, or Polaris, is directly above Earth's North Pole. From our perspective on Earth, every star in the sky pivots around the Pole Star, causing them to rise and set.

Answered: Name the gas which shields us from dangerous ultra-violet rays of the sun.

Mon, 07 Jan 2019 06:33:19 +0000

Ozone gas shields us from dangerous ultra-violet rays of the sun.

Answered: How many types of rocks are there?

Mon, 07 Jan 2019 06:15:44 +0000

There are three types of rocks according to their formation. (i) Igneous (ii) Sedimentary rocks (iii) Metamorphic rocks

The figure of the Earth is the size and shape of the Earth in geodesy. Its specific meaning depends on the way it is used and the precision with which the Earth's size and shape is to be defined. While the sphere is a close approximation of the true figure of the Earth and satisfactory for many purposes, geodesists have developed several models that more closely approximate the shape of the Earth so that coordinate systems can serve the precise needs of navigation, surveying, cadastre, land use, and various other concerns.

Motivation

Earth's topographic surface is apparent with its variety of land forms and water areas. This topographic surface is generally the concern of topographers, hydrographers, and geophysicists. While it is the surface on which Earth measurements are made, mathematically modeling it while taking the irregularities into account would be extremely complicated.

The Pythagorean concept of a spherical Earth offers a simple surface that is easy to deal with mathematically. Many astronomical and navigational computations use a sphere to model the Earth as a close approximation. However, a more accurate figure is needed for measuring distances and areas on the scale beyond the purely local. Better approximations can be had by modeling the entire surface as an oblate spheroid, using spherical harmonics to approximate the geoid, or modeling a region with a best-fit reference ellipsoids.

For surveys of small areas, a planar (flat) model of Earth's surface suffices because the local topography overwhelms the curvature. Plane-table surveys are made for relatively small areas without considering the size and shape of the entire Earth. A survey of a city, for example, might be conducted this way.

In the mid- to late 20th century, research across the geosciences contributed to drastic improvements in the accuracy of the figure of the Earth. The primary utility of this improved accuracy was to provide geographical and gravitational data for the inertial guidance systems of ballistic missiles. This funding also drove the expansion of geoscientific disciplines, fostering the creation and growth of various geoscience departments at many universities.[1] These developments benefited many civilian pursuits as well, such as weather and communication satellite control and GPS location-finding, which would be impossible without highly accurate models for the figure of the Earth.

Answered: What do you know about the shape of Earth?

Mon, 07 Jan 2019 06:12:40 +0000

Earth is round like a football. If we travel in any direction on earth, we shall reach the same place from where we started off. In ancient times, people experimented and learned that the earth was round. In present age , the pictures of earth taken from satellite have made it easy to understand what is the shape of Earth.

Motivation

For surveys of small areas, a planar (flat) model of Earth's surface suffices because the local topographyoverwhelms the curvature. Plane-table surveys are made for relatively small areas without considering the size and shape of the entire Earth. A survey of a city, for example, might be conducted this way.

By the late 1600s, serious effort was devoted to modeling the earth as an ellipsoid, beginning with Jean Picard's measurement of a degree of arc along the Paris meridian. Improved maps and better measurement of distances and areas of national territories motivated these early attempts. Surveying instrumentation and techniques improved over the ensuing centuries. Models for the figure of the earth improved in stepIn the mid- to late 20th century, research across the geosciences contributed to drastic improvements in the accuracy of the figure of the Earth. The primary utility of this improved accuracy was to provide geographical and gravitational data for the inertial guidance systems of ballistic missiles. This funding also drove the expansion of geoscientific disciplines, fostering the creation and growth of various geoscience departments at many universities.[1] These developments benefited many civilian pursuits as well, such as weather and communication satellite control and GPS location-finding, which would be impossible without highly accurate models for the figure of the Earth.

Answered: How Maps were prepared in the past?

Mon, 07 Jan 2019 06:03:02 +0000

In past the position of Sun and stars was considered when preparing maps.

The first maps were made in almost the same way as they are made now, by using the method of surveying or of triangulation, even the satellites still use the same basic principles of triangulation to produce maps. ... Maps from the time of Ancient Babylonia were made by using accurate surveying techniques.

Answered: What is meant by Plains?

Mon, 07 Jan 2019 05:53:07 +0000

Vast stretches of flat land are called plains. They have hieght upto 1000 feet from the sea level. The height rises gradually but usually can not be felt.

In geography, a plain is a flat, sweeping landmass that generally does not change much in elevation. Plains occur as lowlands along the bottoms of valleys or on the doorsteps of mountains, as coastal plains, and as plateaus or uplands.[1]

In a valley, a plain is enclosed on two sides, but in other cases a plain may be delineated by a complete or partial ring of hills, by mountains, or by cliffs. Where a geological region contains more than one plain, they may be connected by a pass (sometimes termed a gap). Coastal plains would mostly rise from sea level until they run into elevated features such as mountains or plateaus.[2]

Plains are one of the major landforms on earth, where they are present on all continents, and would cover more than one-third of the world’s land area.[3] Plains may have been formed from flowing lava, deposited by water, ice, wind, or formed by erosion by these agents from hills and mountains. Plains would generally be under the grassland (temperate or subtropical), steppe (semi-arid), savannah (tropical) or tundra (polar) biomes. In a few instances, deserts and rainforests can also be plains.[4]

Plains in many areas are important for agriculture because where the soils were deposited as sediments they may be deep and fertile, and the flatness facilitates mechanization of crop production; or because they support grasslands which provide good grazing for livestock

Depositional plains

Depositional plains formed by the deposition of materials brought by various agents of transportation such as glaciers, rivers, waves, and wind. Their fertility and economic relevance depend greatly on the types of sediments that are laid down.[6] The types of depositional plains include:

Abyssal plains, flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin.[7]

Planitia, the Latin word for plain, is used in the naming of plains on extraterrestrial objects (planets and moons), such as Hellas Planitia on Mars or Sedna Planitia on Venus.

Alluvial plains, which are formed by rivers and which may be one of these overlapping types:

Alluvial plains, formed over a long period of time by a river depositing sediment on their flood plains or beds, which become alluvial soil. The difference between a flood plain and an alluvial plain is: a flood plain represents areas experiencing flooding fairly regularly in the present or recently, whereas an alluvial plain includes areas where a flood plain is now and used to be, or areas which only experience flooding a few times a century.[8]

Flood plain, adjacent to a lake, river, stream, or wetland that experiences occasional or periodic flooding.

Scroll plain, a plain through which a river meanders with a very low gradient.

Glacial plains, formed by the movement of glaciers under the force of gravity:

Outwash plain (also known as sandur; plural sandar), a glacial out-wash plain formed of sediments deposited by melt-water at the terminus of a glacier. Sandar consist mainly of stratified (layered and sorted) gravel and sand.[9][10]

Till plains, plain of glacial till that form when a sheet of ice becomes detached from the main body of a glacier and melts in place depositing the sediments it carries. Till plains are composed of unsorted material (till) of all sizes.

Lacustrine plains, plains that originally formed in a lacustrine environment, that is, as the bed of a lake.[11]

Lava plains, formed by sheets of flowing lava.

Answered: What is meant by Plains?

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 02:05:16 +0000

Types of plain

Depositional plains

Abyssal plains, flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin.[7]

Planitia, the Latin word for plain, is used in the naming of plains on extraterrestrial objects (planets and moons), such as Hellas Planitia on Mars or Sedna Planitia on Venus.

Alluvial plains, which are formed by rivers and which may be one of these overlapping types:

Flood plain, adjacent to a lake, river, stream, or wetland that experiences occasional or periodic flooding.

Scroll plain, a plain through which a river meanders with a very low gradient.

Glacial plains, formed by the movement of glaciers under the force of gravity:

Lacustrine plains, plains that originally formed in a lacustrine environment, that is, as the bed of a lake.[11]

Lava plains, formed by sheets of flowing lava

Answered: What is meant by Map?

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 01:54:28 +0000

Map is a representation of whole earth or a part of it on a flat surface (paper) according to a given scale. It seem as you are looking at that place form a height overhead.

A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes.

Many maps are static, fixed to paper or some other durable medium, while others are dynamic or interactive. Although most commonly used to depict geography, maps may represent any space, real or fictional, without regard to context or scale, such as in brain mapping, DNA mapping, or computer network topology mapping. The space being mapped may be two dimensional, such as the surface of the earth, three dimensional, such as the interior of the earth, or even more abstract spaces of any dimension, such as arise in modeling phenomena having many independent variables.

Although the earliest maps known are of the heavens, geographic maps of territory have a very long tradition and exist from ancient times. The word "map" comes from the medieval Latin Mappa mundi, wherein mappa meant napkin or cloth and mundi the world. Thus, "map" became the shortened term referring to a two-dimensional representation of the surface of the world.

Geographic maps

Cartography or map-making is the study and practice of crafting representations of the Earth upon a flat surface (see History of cartography), and one who makes maps is called a cartographer.

Road maps are perhaps the most widely used maps today, and form a subset of navigational maps, which also include aeronautical and nautical charts, railroad network maps, and hiking and bicycling maps. In terms of quantity, the largest number of drawn map sheets is probably made up by local surveys, carried out by municipalities, utilities, tax assessors, emergency services providers, and other local agencies. Many national surveying projects have been carried out by the military, such as the British Ordnance Survey: a civilian government agency, internationally renowned for its comprehensively detailed work.

In addition to location information, maps may also be used to portray contour lines indicating constant values of elevation, temperature, rainfall, etc.

Orientation of maps

The orientation of a map is the relationship between the directions on the map and the corresponding compass directions in reality. The word "orient" is derived from Latin oriens, meaning east. In the Middle Ages many maps, including the T and O maps, were drawn with east at the top (meaning that the direction "up" on the map corresponds to East on the compass). The most common cartographic convention is that north is at the top of a map.

Answered: What is meant by settlement?

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 01:51:40 +0000

A settlement is place where some dwellings are made to live on permanent basis.

Answered: Write down the properties of Hydrosphere

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 01:50:14 +0000

Human beings get fish from hydroshpere. It is hydrosphere from where the water vapours enter the atmosphere. These watre vapours turn into clouds by the process of condensation and produce rain which is beneficial for all forms of life.

Hydrosphere, discontinuous layer of water at or near Earth’s surface. It includes all liquid and frozen surface waters, groundwater held in soil and rock, and atmospheric water vapour.

Water is the most abundant substance at the surface of Earth. About 1.4 billion cubic km (326 million cubic miles) of water in liquid and frozen form make up the oceans, lakes, streams, glaciers, and groundwaters found there. It is this enormous volume of water, in its various manifestations, that forms the discontinuous layer, enclosing much of the terrestrial surface, known as the hydrosphere.

Central to any discussion of the hydrosphere is the concept of the water cycle (or hydrologic cycle). This cycle consists of a group of reservoirs containing water, the processes by which water is transferred from one reservoir to another (or transformed from one state to another), and the rates of transfer associated with such processes. These transfer paths penetrate the entire hydrosphere, extending upward to about 15 km (9 miles) in Earth’s atmosphere and downward to depths on the order of 5 km (3 miles) in its crust.

This article examines the processes of the water cycle and discusses the way in which the various reservoirs of the hydrosphere are related through the water cycle. It also describes the biogeochemical properties of Earth’s waters at some length and considers the distribution of global water resources and their use and pollution by human society. Details concerning the major water environments that make up the hydrosphere are provided in the articles ocean, lake, river, and ice. See also climate for specific information about the impact of climatic factors on the water cycle. The principal concerns and methods of hydrology and its various allied disciplines are summarized in Earth sciences.

Answered: Name major types of settlement.

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 01:46:37 +0000

According to population and functions there are two major types of settlement Rural settlements Urban settlements

Any settlement in which most of the people are engaged in agriculture, forestry, mining and fishery is known as rural settlement. It is often called as agricultural workshop.

Types:

Most of the world’s settlements are rural and they are stable and permanent. They are of three types:

1. Compact Settlements:

A compact settlement is based on farming. These are mostly found in highly productive alluvial plains like Indo-Gangetic Plains, the Hwang Ho Valley, Valley o Nile. The houses are compact and congested with narrow plains.

The size of these settlements depends on nature and resources of surrounding country. They have a high degree of segregation and differentiation of the upper and lower castes. Compact settlements are also found in hunting and fishing communities.

2. Semi-Compact Settlement:

Semi-Compact is a transitional phase in the growth of compact settlement. The emergence is because of the difference of semi-arid regions from humid regions and marginal productive land to that of fertile land.

Increase in population cause villages to grow in number of houses. These houses occupy open spaces and lead to semi-compact settlement which ultimately acquires a nucleated settlement.

3. Dispersed Settlement:

These are generally found in hills, plateaus and grasslands. These are found in areas where it is essential that the farmer should live on his own land. Overpopulation is one of the reasons for dispersed settlement.

If a part of the population left a village to found a new one they often found dispersed rather than a new village. Dispersed settlements are relatively recent in age like Steppe grasslands of Kazakhstan.

Patterns:

Pattern of settlement is defined as the relationship between one house or building to another. It can be identified by reading and observing a local scale map. The patterns of settlement deals with compact and semi-compact only, as dispersed has its own shape. The socio cultural factors like caste structure or a functional need of people has a close bearing on its shape and size.

The rural settlements are classified under following patterns: Rectangular, Linear, Circular, Semi-circular, Star-like, Triangular, and Nebular Pattern. The settlements is linear in valleys and mountainous areas, rectangular in fertile plains, circular near the lakes and ponds, triangular at cross roads and in exceptional cases it resembles the nebular form and on river terraces it is star-type.

Answered: How many ranges are there in North western and western Mountains?

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 01:43:33 +0000

Appalachian Mountains

The Appalachian Mountains run for 1,500 miles along the east coast of the United States from northern Alabama to Maine. The highest point of the Appalachians is 6,684 feet at Mount Mitchell in North Carolina. The Appalachians are part of a temperate forest biome and are mostly covered with a variety of trees including pine trees, spruce, birch, and maple trees. Animals that can be found in the Appalachians include squirrels, cottontail rabbits, white-tailed deer, wolves, beavers, black bears, and the red-tailed hawk.

The Appalachians played an important role in the early history of the United States. They served as a barrier to expansion for the first colonies. At one point, Britain made a deal with the Native American tribes that colonists would not settle beyond the Appalachian Mountains. However, people soon found passes through the mountains and blazed trails beyond the mountains such as Daniel Boone's Wilderness Trail.

Some of the smaller ranges within the Appalachians include the Great Smoky Mountains, the Blue Ridge Mountains, Green Mountains, White Mountains, Longfellow Mountains, and the Berkshires.

Rocky Mountains

The Rocky Mountains form the longest mountain range in North America and the second longest range in the world. They stretch 3,000 miles north-to-south from New Mexico, across the United States to Montana, and well into Canada. The highest point of the Rockies is Mount Elbert in Colorado which rises 14,440 feet above sea level.

The Continental Divide for North America is located along the Rocky Mountains. It is at this point that water flows either to the Atlantic Ocean in the east or to the Pacific Ocean in the west. The Rockies are known for their distinct seasons with warm, rainy summers and cold snowy winters. Much of the Rocky Mountains is covered with forests of spruces trees, pines, oaks, junipers, and firs. A wide variety of wildlife can be found in the Rockies including bighorn sheep, badgers, grizzly bears, black bears, coyotes, elk, bighorn sheep, and white-tailed deer.

Within the Rocky Mountains are several smaller ranges including the Big Horn Mountains, the Front Range, the Wasatch Mountains, and the Bitterroot Range. There are several national parks protecting areas of the Rockies such as Yellowstone National Park, Rocky Mountain National Park, Grand Teton National Park, and Glacier National Park.

The Rocky Mountains are considered fold mountains. This means that they were formed at a point where two of the Earth's tectonic plates meet.

Answered: How many parts of Indus Plain are there?

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 01:41:31 +0000

Indus plain has been divided into three parts

1. Upper indus plain 2. Lower Indus plain 3. Delatic Indus plain

The Indus River plain is a vast expanse of fertile land, covering about 200,000 square miles (518,000 square km), with a gentle slope from the Himalayan piedmont in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south. The average gradient of the slope is no more than 1 foot per mile (1 metre per 5 km). Except for the micro relief, the plain is featureless. It is divisible into two sections, the upper and lower Indus plains, on account of their differing physiographic features. The upper Indus plain is drained by the Indus together with its tributaries, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers, forming a developed system of interfluves, known locally as doabs, in Punjab province (Persian panj āb, “five waters,” in reference to the five rivers). In the lower plain the Indus River has a Nilotic character; i.e., it forms a single large river with no significant tributaries. The plain narrows to form a corridor near Mithankot, where the Sulaiman Range comes close to the plain and the Indus merges with its last major tributary, the Panjnad River (which is itself merely the confluence of the five Punjab rivers). Flooding is a perennial problem, especially along the Indus, as a consequence of heavy rains (usually in July and August).

The upper Indus plain consists of three subdivisions: the Himalayan piedmont, the doabs, and the Sulaiman piedmont (referred to locally as the Derajat). The Himalayan piedmont, or the sub-Shiwalik zone, is a narrow strip of land where the rivers enter into the plain from their mountain stage, thereby giving each a somewhat steeper gradient. The zone is characterized by numerous rivulets, which have produced a broken topography in parts of the zone. These streams remain dry except in the rainy season, when they swell into gushing streams with considerable erosive power.

The doabs between the various rivers display similar micro relief, which comprises four distinct landforms—active floodplains, meander floodplains, cover floodplains, and scalloped interfluves. An active floodplain (known locally as a khaddar or bet), which lies adjacent to a river, is often called “the summer bed of rivers,” as it is inundated almost every rainy season. It is the scene of changing river channels, though protective bunds (levees) have been built at many places on the outer margin of the bet to contain the river water in the rainy season. Adjoining the active floodplain is the meander floodplain, which occupies higher ground away from the river and is littered with bars, oxbow lakes, extinct channels, and levees. The cover floodplain is an expanse of geologically recent alluvium, the result of sheet flooding, in which alluvium covers the former riverine features. The scalloped interfluves, or bars, are the central, higher parts of the doab, with old alluvium of relatively uniform texture. The boundaries of the scalloped features are formed by river-cut scarps at places over 20 feet (6 metres) high. The generally level surface of this section of the plain is broken into small pockets in Chiniot and at Sangla Hill, near the much denuded Kirana Hills, which stand out in jagged pinnacles. These hills are considered to be the outliers of the Aravali Range of India.

Answered: How can you define Rocks?

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 01:27:52 +0000

Rock is a combination of two or more minerals. Some rocks are soft like shale and some are hard like diamonds.

Sedimentary
Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these particles are called sediment. Gradually, the sediment accumulates in layers and over a long period of time hardens into rock. Generally, sedimentary rock is fairly soft and may break apart or crumble easily. You can often see sand, pebbles, or stones in the rock, and it is usually the only type that contains fossils.

Examples of this rock type include conglomerate and limestone.

Metamorphic
Metamorphic rocks are formed under the surface of the earth from the metamorphosis (change) that occurs due to intense heat and pressure (squeezing). The rocks that result from these processes often have ribbonlike layers and may have shiny crystals, formed by minerals growing slowly over time, on their surface.

Examples of this rock type include gneiss and marble.

Igneous
Igneous rocks are formed when magma (molten rock deep within the earth) cools and hardens. Sometimes the magma cools inside the earth, and other times it erupts onto the surface from volcanoes (in this case, it is called lava). When lava cools very quickly, no crystals form and the rock looks shiny and glasslike. Sometimes gas bubbles are trapped in the rock during the cooling process, leaving tiny holes and spaces in the rock.

Answered: How many longitudes are there?

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 01:21:23 +0000

There are 360 degree longitudes. 80 degree in the east of prime Meridian and 180 degree in the west prime Meridian up to international date line.

You are demonstrating by your question that you do not understand Latitude and Longitude. That you also don’t understand the concept of degrees of an arc or how many degrees in a circle.

So lets start with what Longitude and latitude is. Lat and Long is a grid system that can be used on any sphere or globe Planet Star Moon etc.; to map out or locate any spot on it’s surface. The longitudinal lines are all great circles. They all come together at the poles and run True North and South. They are not parallel to each other and hence the spaces between them are not consistent as they come closer and closer together as they get into the higher Latitudes. Until eventually all meeting at a singular point the North or South pole.

The Latitudinal lines are parallels Only the Equator forms a Great Circle. It divides the world into the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. All lines of latitude are parallel to the Equator and hence to each other The equator is shown as 0 deg North or South. Latitude lines always run due East and due West . Using the center of our planet as the apex. The latitude is a measure of arc between the equator at 0 deg and wherever you project out to the surface. 90 degrees North being the North Pole. 90 degrees South being the South Pole.

Now you should know that there are 360 degrees in a circle. We divide the world into The eastern and western hemispheres. The Prime Meridian or PM is the longitude that passes through Greenwich observatory in Greenwich England it is 0 degrees all degrees are measured East and West of the Prime Meridian. They meet at 180 degrees East and West which is the same line. So just as you learned in your grade seven geometry there are 360 degrees in a circle , THERE ARE 360 DEGREES OF LONGITUDE THAT COVER A WORLD MAP OR GLOBE, or any map of the planet or of any planet. It is the nature of a circle.

However each degree of Longitude or latitude is composed of 60 minutes, and each minute is composed of 60 seconds, and each second can be broken into decimal point allowing ever more precise definition.

On the Equinoxes the Sun will be directly over the Equator. On the Solstices it will be over either of the tropics Cancer or Capricorn. Latitude is determined by measuring the height of the Sun in the Sky at it’s zenith then applying a factor based on the day of the year. Longitude is determined by noting the time that the Sun reached it’s zenith and comparing that to noon in Greenwich Mean Time or GMT ( now called Coordinated Universal time. Each hour difference will amount to 15 degrees of longitude.

Answered: How leap year is formed?

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 01:11:47 +0000

Earth revolves around sun in 365 days and 6 hours. After 4 years in February these 6 hours become 24 hours due to which a day is added in the month of february. That year is called leap year.

A leap year (also known as an intercalary year or bissextile year) is a calendar year containing one additional day (or, in the case of lunisolar calendars, a month) added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year.[1] Because seasons and astronomical events do not repeat in a whole number of days, calendars that have the same number of days in each year drift over time with respect to the event that the year is supposed to track. By inserting (also called intercalating) an additional day or month into the year, the drift can be corrected. A year that is not a leap year is called a common year.

For example, in the Gregorian calendar, each leap year has 366 days instead of 365, by extending February to 29 days rather than the common 28. These extra days occur in years which are multiples of four (with the exception of centennial years not divisible by 400). Similarly, in the lunisolar Hebrew calendar, Adar Aleph, a 13th lunar month, is added seven times every 19 years to the twelve lunar months in its common years to keep its calendar year from drifting through the seasons. In the Bahá'í Calendar, a leap day is added when needed to ensure that the following year begins on the vernal equinox.

The name "leap year" probably comes from the fact that while a fixed date in the Gregorian calendar normally advances one day of the week from one year to the next, the day of the week in the 12 months following the leap day (from March 1 through February 28 of the following year) will advance two days due to the extra day (thus "leaping over" one of the days in the week).[2][3] For example, Christmas Day (December 25) fell on a Sunday in 2016, and Monday in 2017, then it fell on Tuesday in 2018, and will fall on Wednesday in 2019 but then "leaps" over Thursday to fall on a Friday in 2020.

The length of a day is also occasionally changed by the insertion of leap seconds into Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), owing to the variability of Earth's rotational period. Unlike leap days, leap seconds are not introduced on a regular schedule, since the variability in the length of the day is not entirely predictable.

Gregorian calendar

In the Gregorian calendar, the standard calendar in most of the world, most years that are multiples of 4 are leap years. In each leap year, the month of February has 29 days instead of 28. Adding one extra day in the calendar every four years compensates for the fact that a period of 365 days is shorter than a tropical year by almost 6 hours.[4] Some exceptions to this basic rule are required since the duration of a tropical year is slightly less than 365.25 days. The Gregorian reform modified the Julian calendar's scheme of leap years as follows:

Every year that is exactly divisible by four is a leap year, except for years that are exactly divisible by 100, but these centurial years are leap years if they are exactly divisible by 400. For example, the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 are not leap years, but the year 2000 is.[5]

Over a period of four centuries, the accumulated error of adding a leap day every four years amounts to about three extra days. The Gregorian calendar therefore drops three leap days every 400 years, which is the length of its leap cycle. This is done by dropping February 29 in the three century years (multiples of 100) that cannot be exactly divided by 400.[6][7] The years 1600, 2000 and 2400 are leap years, while 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200 and 2300 are common years. By this rule, the average number of days per year is 365 + 1⁄4 − 1⁄100 + 1⁄400 = 365.2425.[8] The rule can be applied to years before the Gregorian reform (the proleptic Gregorian calendar), if astronomical year numbering is used

Answered: Why some areas of earth are least populated?

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 01:08:35 +0000

More than half of the surface of earth is too hot or too cold. That is why it is least populated.

A list of the 10 least densely populated nations, territories, and islands on the planet. The most isolated areas with fewest number people per square km.

149 million square kilometers (57.5 million square miles) of land is a huge area. It's actually all the land area on earth. But with 7,125,000,000 people sharing our planet, it boils down to 48 people sharing each square km.

Geography isn't fair: In New York City there are 10,725 people sharing each square kilometer; in Singapore, density is over 7,300; in Hong Kong, nearly 6,400; these places can feel as cramped as an endless subway ride. However, there are also regions like Western Sahara, where the crowd thins out to a soothing - if not lonely - 2.2 persons in the same space. So where in the world can you go if you want to get away from everyone? Pack your binoculars for these next ten destinations - you'll need them to spot the nearest human.

The travel destination that is on the tip of everyone's tongue also has one of the world's smallest person-per-km ratios: there are roughly 23,766,500 Aussies spread over the 7.69 million square kilometres of island, equaling a density off 3.09. However, the number is just as misleading as the statistics for other occupants of the list - most Australians live on cities that hug the coast, leading to a roughly sketched ring that circles an vast expanse - the Australian Outback - largely deserted, more of a travel destination than inhabitable landmass. The deserted Outback makes the continent the world's driest, flattest, most arid and least hospitable to organic growth, in spite of the rain forests and mountain ranges that occupy other areas of the country.

Neighbouring Suriname to the West, French Guiana sits on the North-Eastern coast of South America and comes in 9th with a population density of 2.8 people per square km. Although it is technically part of France and the European Union (French Guiana's currency is the Euro), it is largely detached and independent of from its densely populated French colonizer. Half of the population lives in Cayenne, a city in the North of the nation on the Atlantic coast. Tropical and ancient forests, mangroves, savannas and wetlands make up most of the uninhabited landmass, making it impressively biodiverse and - thankfully - well protected by natural reserves.

Answered: Differentiate between hamlet and village

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 01:05:43 +0000

Hamlet is smallest of the settlements. It is comprised of a few houses, which are located far from each other and the land in between is used for cultivation.While Village is bigger than hamlet. It is comprised of many houses, whic are constructed near the agricultural land.

A hamlet is a small human settlement. In different jurisdictions and geographies, hamlets may be the size of a town, village or parish, be considered a smaller settlement or subdivision or satellite entity to a larger settlement. The word and concept of a hamlet have roots in the Anglo-Norman settlement of England, where the old French hamlet came to apply to small human settlements. In British geography, a hamlet is considered smaller than a village and distinctly without a church.

Etymology

The word comes from Anglo-Norman hamelet, corresponding to Old French hamelet, the diminutive of Old French hamel. This, in turn, is a diminutive of Old French ham, possibly borrowed from (West Germanic) Franconian languages. Compare with modern French hameau, Dutch heem, German Heim, Old English hām and Modern English home.[1]

The hamlet Kampung Naga in West Java Province, Indonesia

Afghanistan

In Afghanistan the counterpart of the hamlet is the qala (Dari: قلعه, Pashto: کلي) meaning "fort"[2] or "hamlet"[3]. The Afghan qala is a fortified group of houses, generally with its own community building such as a mosque, but without its own marketplace. The qala is the smallest type of settlement in Afghan society, trumped by the village (Dari/Pashto: ده), which is larger and includes a commercial area.

Australia

In Australia a hamlet is a small village.[citation needed] Officially, a hamlet differs from a village in having no commercial premises, but has residences and may have community buildings such as churches and public halls.[citation needed]

Canada

In Canada's three territories, hamlets are officially designated municipalities.[4] As of January 1, 2010:

Northwest Territories had 11 hamlets,[4] each of which had a population of less than 900 people as of the 2016 census;[5]

Nunavut had 24 hamlets,[4] with populations ranging from 129 to 2,842 as of the 2016 census;[6] and

Yukon had two hamlets,[4] both of which had a population of less than 450 people as of the 2016 census.[7]

In Canada's provinces, hamlets are usually small unincorporated communities within a larger municipality (similar to civil townships in the United States), such as many communities within the single-tier municipalities of Ontario[citation needed] or within Alberta's specialized and rural municipalities.[8]

Canada's two largest hamlets—Fort McMurray (formerly incorporated as a city)[9] and Sherwood Park—are located in Alberta. They each have populations, within their main urban area, in excess of 60,000—well in excess of the 10,000-person threshold that can choose to incorporate as a city in Alberta.[10][11] As such, these two hamlets have been further designated by the Province of Alberta as urban service areas.[12] An urban service area is recognized as equivalent to a city for the purposes of provincial and federal program delivery and grant eligibility

France

During the 18th century, for rich or noble people, it was up-to-date to create their own hameau (hamlet) in their gardens. They were a group of some houses or farms with rustic appearance, but in fact were very comfortable. The best known is the Hameau de la Reine built by the queen Marie-Antoinette in the park of the Château de Versailles. Or the Hameau de Chantilly built by Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé in Chantilly, Oise.

Lieu-dit (local name) is another name for hamlet.[citation needed] The difference is that a hamlet is permanently inhabited, but a lieu-dit is not (in winter for example, or when the lieu-dit is only an important road crossing).

Answered: What kind of Land features does Pakistan have?

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 00:49:01 +0000

The Geography of Pakistan (Urdu: جغرافیۂ پاکِستان‬‎) is a profound blend of landscapes varying from plains to deserts, forests, hills, and plateaus ranging from the coastal areas of the Arabian Sea in the south to the mountains of the Karakoram range in the north. Pakistan geologically overlaps both with the Indian and the Eurasian tectonic plates where its Sindh and Punjab provinces lie on the north-western corner of the Indian plate while Balochistan and most of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa lie within the Eurasian plate which mainly comprises the Iranian Plateau. Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir lie along the edge of the Indian plate and hence are prone to violent earthquakes where the two tectonic plates collide.

Pakistan is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the northwest and Iran to the west while China borders the country in the northeast. The nation is geopolitically placed within some of the most controversial regional boundaries which share disputes and have many-a-times escalated military tensions between the nations, e.g., that of Kashmir with India and the Durand Line with Afghanistan. Its western borders include the Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass that have served as traditional migration routes between Central Eurasia and South Asia.

At 796,096 square kilometres (307,374 sq mi), Pakistan is the 36th largest country by area, more than twice the size of Montana, and slightly larger than

International boundaries

Pakistan shares its borders with four neighboring countries – People's Republic of China, Afghanistan, India, and Iran while Tajikistan is separated by thin Wakhan Corridor– adding up to about 6,975 km (4,334.1 mi) in length (excluding the coastal areas).

Pakistan borders Afghanistan at the Durand Line, 2,430 km (1,509.9 mi), which runs from the Hindu Kush and the Pamir Mountains. A narrow strip of Afghanistan territory called the Wakhan Corridor extends between Pakistan and Tajikistan. From the eastern tip of the Wakhan Corridor starts the Sino-Pak border between the People's Republic of China and Pakistan spanning about 510 km (316.9 mi). It carries on south-eastward and ends near the Karakoram Pass. This line was determined from 1961 to 1965 in a series of agreements between China and Pakistan and finally on 03-03-1963 both the governments, of Islamabad and Beijing, formally agreed. It is understood that if the dispute over Kashmir is resolved, the border would need to be discussed again.[1]

The boundary with Iran, 909 km (564.8 mi), was first delimited by a British commission in the same year as the Durand Line was demarcated, separating Iran from what was then British India's Baluchistan province.[1] Modern Iran has a province named Sistan va Baluchistan that borders Pakistan and has Baluchis in an ethnic majority. In 1957 Pakistan signed a frontier agreement with Iran in Rawalpindi according to which the border was officially declared and the two countries haven't had this border as a subject of serious dispute at all. The Northern Areas has five of the world's seventeen highest peaks along with highest range of mountains the Karakoram and Himalayas. It also has such extensive glaciers that it has sometimes been called the "Third Pole". The international border-line has been a matter of pivotal dispute between Pakistan and India ever since 1947, and the Siachen Glacier in northern Kashmir has been an important arena for fighting between the two sides since 1984, although far more soldiers have died of exposure to the cold than from any skirmishes in the conflict between their National Armies facing each other.

Answered: What do you know about life on other planets?

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 00:46:53 +0000

The planets nearer to sun are too hot i.e. Mercury and Venus, and the planets farther from the sun are too cold i.e. Uranus and neptune and there is no water on any planet too. Therefore, there is no life on any other planet.

A series of missions to the moons of Jupiter and Saturn has revealed their potential to harbour life. Nina Notman looks to the skies

After a series of mission failures, July 1965 saw the first successful flybys of Mars. The US Mariner 4 became the first spacecraft to take close up pictures of another planet, beaming 22 images of the impact-cratered Martian surface back to Earth. Since then, more than 20 successful missions have explored the red plant’s atmosphere and surface.

Thanks to the images and data collected– and by telescopes, both on earth and in space – we now know that billions of years ago, Mars had the three critical ingredients for life. It had an abundance of the chemical building blocks, liquid water on its surface and an energy source (volcanic activity) to power the chemical reactions that make life possible (on Earth that energy source is the sun). Today, the inhospitable surface of Mars is thought to be unsuitable for life, but the possibility of life existing deep beneath its frozen surface hasn’t been ruled out. To date though, no evidence of life – ancient or otherwise – has been found. Mars being habitable, it turns out, doesn’t mean it actually has a habit

The search for Martian life is ongoing, with a further three missions to Mars planned to launch over the next few years. Longer-term, a number of space agencies are also aiming to collect samples from Mars and return them to Earth for more in-depth analysis. And the search for signs of extraterrestrial life is stretching to the depths of our solar system and beyond.

Europa

The gas giant Jupiter, the next planet beyond Mars in the solar system, is inhospitable to life in any currently imaginable form. But its icy moons – especially Europa – have potential. A number of missions have flown past Jupiter and its moons on route to other places, but Nasa’s Galileo mission was the first designed to specifically orbit the planet and study its moons. It collected images and data in the Jovian system from 1995 to 2003, passing Europa 12 times.

Answered: What is meant by desert?

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 00:40:10 +0000

The amount of rainfall is low in most areas of Pakistan and some areas are very dry, so large deserts occupy land.

A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation. About one-third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid. This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called polar deserts or "cold deserts". Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls, by the temperature that prevails, by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location.

Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in pieces. Although rain seldom occurs in deserts, there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods. Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor are further eroded by the wind. This picks up particles of sand and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or dust storms. Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface. Rocks are smoothed down, and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits. The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing sand dunes. Other deserts are flat, stony plains where all the fine material has been blown away and the surface consists of a mosaic of smooth stones. These areas are known as desert pavements and little further erosion takes place. Other desert features include rock outcrops, exposed bedrock and clays once deposited by flowing water. Temporary lakes may form and salt pans may be left when waters evaporate. There may be underground sources of water in the form of springs and seepages from aquifers. Where these are found, oases can occur.

Plants and animals living in the desert need special adaptations to survive in the harsh environment. Plants tend to be tough and wiry with small or no leaves, water-resistant cuticles and often spines to deter herbivory. Some annual plants germinate, bloom and die in the course of a few weeks after rainfall while other long-lived plants survive for years and have deep root systems able to tap underground moisture. Animals need to keep cool and find enough food and water to survive. Many are nocturnal and stay in the shade or underground during the heat of the day. They tend to be efficient at conserving water, extracting most of their needs from their food and concentrating their urine. Some animals remain in a state of dormancy for long periods, ready to become active again during the rare rainfall. They then reproduce rapidly while conditions are favorable before returning to dormancy.

People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia. Nomads have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available and oases have provided opportunities for a more settled way of life. The cultivation of semi-arid regions encourages erosion of soil and is one of the causes of increased desertification. Desert farming is possible with the aid of irrigation, and the Imperial Valley in California provides an example of how previously barren land can be made productive by the import of water from an outside source. Many trade routes have been forged across deserts, especially across the Sahara Desert, and traditionally were used by caravans of camels carrying salt, gold, ivory and other goods. Large numbers of slaves were also taken northwards across the Sahara. Some mineral extraction also takes place in deserts, and the uninterrupted sunlight gives potential for the capture of large quantities of solar energy.

Answered: What do you know about Thermal metamorphism?

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 00:33:36 +0000

The heat of Magma, when moves inside the earth, passes near or over a rock, changes its composition and structure and a new rock is formed. This process is called Thermal metamorphism

Metamorphism is the change of minerals or geologic texture (distinct arrangement of minerals) in pre-existing rocks (protoliths), without the protolith melting into liquid magma (a solid-state change).[1] The change occurs primarily due to heat, pressure, and the introduction of chemically active fluids. The chemical components and crystal structures of the minerals making up the rock may change even though the rock remains a solid. Changes at or just beneath Earth's surface due to weathering or diagenesis are not classified as metamorphism.[2] Metamorphism typically occurs between diagenesis (max. 200°C), and melting (~850°C).[3]

Three types of metamorphism exist: contact, dynamic, and regional. Metamorphism produced with increasing pressure and temperature conditions is known as prograde metamorphism. Conversely, decreasing temperatures and pressure characterize retrograde metamorphism.

Solid state recrystallization and neocrystalization

Metamorphic rocks can change without melting. Heat causes atomic bonds to break, and the atoms move and form new bonds with other atoms, creating new minerals with different chemical components or crystalline structures (neocrystallization), or enabling recrystallization.[3] When pressure is applied, somewhat flattened grains that orient in the same direction have a more stable configuration.

Limits

The temperature lower limit on what is considered to be a metamorphic process is generally considered to be 100 – 200 °C;[4] this excludes diagenetic changes due to compaction and the formation of sedimentary rocks.

The upper boundary of metamorphic conditions is related to the onset of melting processes in the rock. The maximum temperature for metamorphism is typically 700 – 900 °C, depending on the pressure and on the composition of the rock. Migmatites are rocks formed at this upper limit, which contains pods and veins of material that has started to melt but has not fully segregated from the refractory residue. Since the 1980s it has been recognized that rocks are rarely dry enough and of a refractory enough composition to record without melting "ultra-high" metamorphic temperatures of 900 – 1100 °C. The metamorphic process usually has to be over pressure of at least 100 mega pascals but below 300 mega pascals, the depth of 100 mega pascals varies depending on what type of rock is applying pressure

Types

Regional

Regional or Barrovian metamorphism covers large areas of continental crust typically associated with mountain ranges, particularly those associated with convergent tectonic plates or the roots of previously eroded mountains. Conditions producing widespread regionally metamorphosed rocks occur during an orogenic event. The collision of two continental plates or island arcs with continental plates produce the extreme compressional forces required for the metamorphic changes typical of regional metamorphism. These orogenic mountains are later eroded, exposing the intensely deformed rocks typical of their cores. The conditions within the subducting slab as it plunges toward the mantle in a subduction zone also produce regional metamorphic effects, characterized by paired metamorphic belts. The techniques of structural geology are used to unravel the collisional history and determine the forces involved. Regional metamorphism can be described and classified into metamorphic facies or metamorphic zones of temperature/pressure conditions throughout the orogenic

Answered: What is meant by Latitude?

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 00:24:17 +0000

The angular measurement of a place taken from equator is shown by lines. These lines are drawn parallel to the equator and are called latitude.

Answered: Divide world's regions according to density

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 00:21:31 +0000

According to density, we can divide the world into three regions.

1. High density population areas

2. Moderate denisty population areas.

3. Low density population areas.

Answered: What is meant by census?

Sat, 05 Jan 2019 00:06:28 +0000

The process of counting of population is callled census

A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses. The United Nations defines the essential features of population and housing censuses as "individual enumeration, universality within a defined territory, simultaneity and defined periodicity", and recommends that population censuses be taken at least every 10 years. United Nations recommendations also cover census topics to be collected, official definitions, classifications and other useful information to co-ordinate international practice.[1][2]

The word is of Latin origin: during the Roman Republic, the census was a list that kept track of all adult males fit for military service. The modern census is essential to international comparisons of any kind of statistics, and censuses collect data on many attributes of a population, not just how many people there are. Censuses typically began as the only method of collecting national demographic data, and are now part of a larger system of different surveys. Although population estimates remain an important function of a census, including exactly the geographic distribution of the population, statistics can be produced about combinations of attributes e.g. education by age and sex in different regions. Current administrative data systems allow for other approaches to enumeration with the same level of detail but raise concerns about privacy and the possibility of biasing estimates.[3]

Aensus can be contrasted with sampling in which information is obtained only from a subset of a population; typically main population estimates are updated by such intercensal estimates. Modern census data are commonly used for research, business marketing, and planning, and as a baseline for designing sample surveys by providing a sampling frame such as an address register. Census counts are necessary to adjust samples to be representative of a population by weighting them as is common in opinion polling. Similarly, stratification requires knowledge of the relative sizes of different population strata which can be derived from census enumerations. In some countries, the census provides the official counts used to apportion the number of elected representatives to regions (sometimes controversially – e.g., Utah v. Evans). In many cases, a carefully chosen random sample can provide more accurate information than attempts to get a population census

Answered: What is meant by Urban function?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 23:59:54 +0000

The function of an area, is its reason or purposes of being. In urban areas this relate to the purpose of a land use for residential areas, recreation, industry etc, There are different types of functions a city performs.

Urban area

An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages and hamlets. Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Measuring the extent of an urban area helps in analyzing population density and urban sprawl, and in determining urban and rural populations. Unlike an urban area, a metropolitan area includes not only the urban area, but also satellite cities plus intervening rural land that is socio-economically connected to the urban core city, typically by employment ties through commuting, with the urban core city being the primary labor market. In fact, urbanized areas agglomerate and grow as the core population/economic activity center within a larger metropolitan area or envelope. In the US, Metropolitan areas tend to be defined using counties or county sized political units as building blocks. Counties tend to be stable political boundaries; economists prefer to work with economic and social statistics based on metropolitan areas. Urbanized areas are a more relevant statistic for determining per capita land usage and densities. Definitions They vary somewhat amongst different nations. European countries define urbanized areas on the basis of urban-type land use, not allowing any gaps of typically more than 200 m, and use satellite imagery instead of census blocks to determine the boundaries of the urban area. In less developed countries, in addition to land use and density requirements, a requirement that a large majority of the population, typically 75%, is not engaged in agriculture and/or fishing is sometimes used. Australia In Australia, urban areas are referred to as "urban centres" and are defined as population clusters of 1000 or more people, with a density of at least 200/km2. Canada According to Statistics Canada, an urban area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square km2. If two or more urban areas are within of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area, provided they do not cross census metropolitan area or census agglomeration boundaries. China In China, an urban area is an urban district, city and town with a population density higher than 1,500/km2. As for urban districts with a population density lower than that number, only the population that lives in streets, town sites, and adjacent villages is counted as urban population. France In France, an urban area is a zone (aire urbaine) encompassing an area of built-up growth (called an "urban unit" (unitÃ© urbaine) - close in definition to the North American urban area) and its commuter belt (couronne pÃ©riurbaine). Although the official INSEE translation of aire urbaine is "urban area", most North Americans would find the same as being similar in definition to their metropolitan area. Japan In Japan urbanized areas are defined as contiguous areas of densely inhabited districts (DIDs) using census enumeration districts as units with a density requirement of 4000|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi. New Zealand Statistics New Zealand defines New Zealand urban areas for statistical purposes as a settlement with a population of a thousand people or more. Norway Statistics Norway defines urban areas ("tettsteder") similarly to the other Nordic countries. Unlike in Denmark and Sweden, the distance between each building has to be of less than 50 m, although exceptions are made due to parks, industrial areas, rivers, and similar. Groups of houses less than 400 m from the main body of an urban area are included in the urban area. Philippines With an estimated population of 16,300,000, Metro Manila is the most populous metropolitan area in the Philippines and the 11th in the world. However, the greater urban area is the 5th largest in the world with a population of 20,654,307 people (2010 estimate). The Philippines has twelve more metropolitan areas as defined by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). Metro Angeles, Metro Bacolod, Metro Baguio, Metro Batangas, Metro Cagayan de Oro, Metro Cebu, Metro Dagupan, Metro Davao, Metro Iloilo-Guimaras, Metro Naga, Metro Olongapo. Poland In Poland, official "urban" population figures simply refer to those localities which have the status of towns (miasta). The "rural" population is that of all areas outside the boundaries of these towns. This distinction may give a misleading impression in some cases, since some localities with only village status may have acquired larger and denser populations than many smaller towns. Russia In Russia, only the population residing in cities/towns and urban-type settlements is considered to be "urban".

Answered: Write about desert Kharan.

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 23:50:23 +0000

It is situated in western Balochistan. In its north are Chaghai mountains, south Sihan mountains, east Ras Koh and its west lies Iran. kharan desert spreads over areas of Chaghai and Kharan.

This is also called the ‘Sandy Desert’ and is located in the Province of Balochistan. It covers an area of about 48,051 sq. km. It is basically covered with sand dunes, scrub vegetation and weathered rocks. Rainfall is very scarce in the desert leaving it with dry lakes. The largest dry lake of Balochistan is located in this desert called Hamun-i-Mashkel. The water of Kharan basin is entirely used for agriculture and domestic use and thus it is also called ‘closed basin’.

The desert consists of moving sand dunes reaching heights from 15 to 30 meters with an underlay of pebble floor. The areas between these dunes are hard when its dry and when it is wet it is sandy and treacherous. There is a huge barren area of this desert which comes in the territory of half of Iran with a continuation of waste land in Pakistan. This is a continous stretch of total barren land from the Alborz mountains in the northern direction to the plateau in Balochistan around 1200 kilometers to the southeast.

The altitude of this desert moves from about 1000 m in the north to approximately 250 m in the southwest. The average rainfall in the desert is about 100 mm annually. The entire area of the desert has inland drains and dry lakes. A lake basin in Iran called Gowd-e-Zereh gets excessive drainage and it is separated from the kharan desert in Pakistan by the hills of low Chaghai. It cause the river Mashkel to form a lake with the highlands which surrounds Koh-e-Tafta’n the great volcano. The 85 kilometer long and 35 kilometers wide area of the surface of the Hamun-i-Mashkel is filled with sun cracked clay, salthy marshes, moving sand dunes and oxidized pebbles. This part is known for its sudden sand storms and constant mirage.

Answered: How many centimeters are in 1 kilometer?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 23:49:39 +0000

There are 1000,000 centimeters in a kilometer

Answered: According to formation, how many types of Sedimentary Rocks are there?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 23:45:40 +0000

According to formation there are three types of sedimentary rocks. (i) Mechanically formed rocks (ii) Chemically formed rocks (iii) Organic rocks

Sedimentary rock is one of the three main rock groups (along with igneous and metamorphic rocks) and is formed in four main ways: by the deposition of the weathered remains of other rocks (known as 'clastic' sedimentary rocks); by the accumulation and the consolidation of sediments; by the deposition of the results of biogenic activity; and by precipitation from solution.

Sedimentary rocks include common types such as chalk, limestone, sandstone, clay and shale.

Sedimentary rocks cover 75% of the Earth's surface.

Four basic processes are involved in the formation of a clastic sedimentary rock: weathering (erosion)caused mainly by friction of waves, transportation where the sediment is carried along by a current, deposition and compaction where the sediment is squashed together to form a rock of this kind.

Sedimentary rocks are formed from overburden pressure as particles of sediment are deposited out of air, ice, or water flows carrying the particles in suspension.

As sediment deposition builds up, the overburden (or 'lithostatic') pressure squeezes the sediment into layered solids in a process known as lithification ('rock formation') and the original connate fluids are expelled.

The term diagenesis is used to describe all the chemical, physical, and biological changes, including cementation, undergone by a sediment after its initial deposition and during and after its lithification, exclusive of surface weathering.

Answered: Write about revolutionary period of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune which they take to revolve around the sun

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 23:31:22 +0000

Jupiter takes 12 years to revolve around the Sun. saturn takes 30 years to revolve around the Sun. Uranus takes 84 years to revolve around the Sun. Neptune takes 165 years to revolve around the Sun.

Answered: What is meant by Solar system?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 23:15:15 +0000

According to astronomers, the Sun is one of the billion stars of the Milky way Galaxy. Eight planets revolve around the Sun. This is called Solar System.

Often Solar System. The Sun together with the eight planets, their moons, and all other bodies that orbit it, including dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, meteoroids, and Kuiper belt objects. The outer limit of the solar system is formed by the heliopause . See more at nebular hypothesis .

A similar system surrounding another star. Over two dozen stars are known to have planets in orbit around them, though none is known to have as extensive or diverse a group of orbiting bodies as the Sun's system.

A Closer Look: The solar system consists of much more than just the Sun and planets. It contains billions of other objects and extends far beyond the outermost planets. Several hundred thousand asteroids revolve around the Sun in orbits mainly between Mars and Jupiter. Countless smaller meteoroids, including cometary debris and fragments from the collision of larger bodies, are also present, some of which approach Earth's orbit closely enough to be known as near Earth objects . In addition, as many as a billion objects, most the size of a speck of dust, cross through our atmosphere as meteors or micrometeoroids each day, though the vast majority are invisible to observers on the ground. Astronomers have recorded more than 800 comets passing through the inner part of the solar system. Billions more lie in the area surrounding the solar system, in the disk of debris known as the Kuiper belt and in the swarm of comets known as the Oort cloud. All of these objects orbit the Sun at high speeds. Some orbits, like those of the planets near the Sun, are almost circular. Other orbits, like those of comets that make their way in among the planets, are stretched out into long ellipses. As in most scientific fields, new discoveries are constantly changing our understanding and definitions. The objects in the Kuiper belt, for example, were discovered in the 1990s. When the new planetarium at the American Museum of Natural History opened in 2000, many visitors were shocked to find that Pluto, long known as the ninth planet, had been demoted. In 2006 the International Astronomical Union classified Pluto as a dwarf planet.

Answered: On what solar system is comprised of?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 23:12:37 +0000

The Solar system is comprised of eight planets, which revolve around Sun in their respective orbits

Our solar system consists of an average star we call the Sun, the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It includes: the satellites of the planets; numerous comets, asteroids, and meteoroids; and the interplanetary medium. The Sun is the richest source of electromagnetic energy (mostly in the form of heat and light) in the solar system. The Sun's nearest known stellar neighbor is a red dwarf star called Proxima Centauri, at a distance of 4.3 light years away. The whole solar system, together with the local stars visible on a clear night, orbits the center of our home galaxy, a spiral disk of 200 billion stars we call the Milky Way. The Milky Way has two small galaxies orbiting it nearby, which are visible from the southern hemisphere. They are called the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud. The nearest large galaxy is the Andromeda Galaxy. It is a spiral galaxy like the Milky Way but is 4 times as massive and is 2 million light years away. Our galaxy, one of billions of galaxies known, is traveling through intergalactic space.

The planets, most of the satellites of the planets and the asteroids revolve around the Sun in the same direction, in nearly circular orbits. When looking down from above the Sun's north pole, the planets orbit in a counter-clockwise direction. The planets orbit the Sun in or near the same plane, called the ecliptic. Pluto is a special case in that its orbit is the most highly inclined (18 degrees) and the most highly elliptical of all the planets. Because of this, for part of its orbit, Pluto is closer to the Sun than is Neptune. The axis of rotation for most of the planets is nearly perpendicular to the ecliptic. The exceptions are Uranus and Pluto, which are tipped on their sides.

Composition Of The Solar System

The Sun contains 99.85% of all the matter in the Solar System. The planets, which condensed out of the same disk of material that formed the Sun, contain only 0.135% of the mass of the solar system. Jupiter contains more than twice the matter of all the other planets combined. Satellites of the planets, comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and the interplanetary medium constitute the remaining 0.015%. The following table is a list of the mass distribution within our Solar System.

Sun: 99.85%

Planets: 0.135%

Comets: 0.01% ?

Satellites: 0.00005%

Minor Planets: 0.0000002% ?

Meteoroids: 0.0000001% ?

Interplanetary Medium: 0.0000001% ?

Interplanetary Space

Nearly all the solar system by volume appears to be an empty void. Far from being nothingness, this vacuum of "space" comprises the interplanetary medium. It includes various forms of energy and at least two material components: interplanetary dust and interplanetary gas. Interplanetary dust consists of microscopic solid particles. Interplanetary gas is a tenuous flow of gas and charged particles, mostly protons and electrons -- plasma -- which stream from the Sun, called the solar wind.

Answered: What are the different natural spheres of the Earth?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 23:09:36 +0000

Earth is studied with respect to four spheres of the natural enviroment

1. Atmosphere

2. Lithosphere

3. Biosphere

4. Hydrosphere

Lets take a look at these four spheres of the earth in bit more detail to understand how they help make up the earth.

Hydrosphere (Water)

The hydrosphere includes all the gaseous, liquid, and solid water of the planet earth. The hydrosphere stretches all the way from the Earth’s surface downward numerous miles into the lithosphere and high above the crust into the atmosphere. Most of the water in the atmosphere is in gaseous form and as it rises higher into the atmosphere it condenses to form clouds which fall back on earth as precipitation.

All the water in the hydrosphere is always in motion just like the atmospheric gases. The natural earth features depicting the hydrosphere are the rivers, streams, lakes, seas, oceans and the water vapor. Glaciers, which are the slowly moving masses of ice, are also part of the hydrosphere. 97% of all earth’s water is salty. Oceans carry most of the salty water while the majority of lakes and rivers carry fresh water. The earth’s temperature is highly influenced by the hydrosphere.

Very low temperatures are associated with icebergs, glaciers or icecaps; low to moderate temperatures are associated with the common types of precipitation like snow, rain, drizzle, sleet or hails; and high temperatures are tied to dry and hot conditions and evaporation. The glaciers, icebergs, and icecaps are also categorically called the cryosphere.

Answered: What is meant by Migration?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 23:05:55 +0000

The human life is stil on the move and will continue in the future too. This movement is called migration.

Migration is a way to move from one place to another in order to live and work. Movement of people from their home to another city, state or country for a job, shelter or some other reasons is called migration. Migration from rural areas to urban areas has increased in past few years in India.

Nowadays, many people decide to migrate to have a better life. Employment opportunities are the most common reason due to which people migrate. Except this, lack of opportunities, better education, construction of dams, globalization, natural disaster (flood and drought) and sometimes crop failure forced villagers to migrate to cities.

Migrants

People who move from one place to another in search of work or shelter are called migrants. Most of the times migrants people are not skilled or educated therefore they usually employed as daily wagers (workers who are paid at the end of each day, for their services). Daily wagers do not get enough money for the survival of their families and suffering from many problems such as they do not have enough food to eat, sanitation, hygiene, a proper place to live etc.

Impacts of Migration

Migration is becoming a very important subject for the life of cities. Many opportunities and attraction of big cities pull large numbers of people to big cities. Migration can have positive as well as negative effects on the life of the migrants.

Positive Impact

Unemployment is reduced and people get better job opportunities.

Migration helps in improving the quality of life of people.

It helps to improve social life of people as they learn about new culture, customs, and languages which helps to improve brotherhood among people.

Migration of skilled workers leads to a greater economic growth of the region.

Children get better opportunities for higher education.

The population density is reduced and the birth rate decreases.

Answered: What is the movement of the earth in its orbit around the sun called?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 23:03:38 +0000

The movement of the earth in its orbit around the Sun is called revolution.

Like all planets in our solar system, the Earth is in an elliptical orbit around our Sun. In Earth's case, its orbit is nearly circular, so that the difference between Earth's farthest point from the Sun and its closest point is very small. Earth's orbit defines a two-dimensional plane which we call the ecliptic.

Answered: What is meant by Mountain?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 23:01:21 +0000

Mountains is the major landofrm which is clealry high form the surrounding areas and has a sloping surface. Its base is broad as compared to its top

A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak.[1] A mountain is generally steeper than a hill. Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism. These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth. Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers, weather conditions, and glaciers. A few mountains are isolated summits, but most occur in huge mountain ranges.

High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level. These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains: different elevations have different plants and animals. Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate, mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation, such as mountain climbing.

The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia, whose summit is 8,850 m (29,035 ft) above mean sea level. The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m (69,459 ft).

Definition

There is no universally accepted definition of a mountain. Elevation, volume, relief, steepness, spacing and continuity have been used as criteria for defining a mountain.[1] In the Oxford English Dictionary a mountain is defined as "a natural elevation of the earth surface rising more or less abruptly from the surrounding level and attaining an altitude which, relatively to the adjacent elevation, is impressive or notable."[1]

Whether a landform is called a mountain may depend on local usage. Mount Scott outside Lawton, Oklahoma is only 251 m (823 ft) from its base to its highest point. Whittow's Dictionary of Physical Geography[2] states "Some authorities regard eminences above 600 metres (2,000 ft) as mountains, those below being referred to as hills."

In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, a mountain is usually defined as any summit at least 2,000 feet (or 610 metres) high,[3][4][5][6][7] whilst the official UK government's definition of a mountain, for the purposes of access, is a summit of 600 metres or higher.[8] In addition, some definitions also include a topographical prominence requirement, typically 100 or 500 feet (30 or 152 m).[9] At one time the U.S. Board on Geographic Names defined a mountain as being 1,000 feet (300 m) or taller,[10] but has abandoned the definition since the 1970s. Any similar landform lower than this height was considered a hill. However, today, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) concludes that these terms do not have technical definitions in the US.[11]

The UN Environmental Programme's definition of "mountainous environment" includes any of the following:[12]

Elevation of at least 2,500 m (8,200 ft);

Elevation of at least 1,500 m (4,900 ft), with a slope greater than 2 degrees;

Elevation of at least 1,000 m (3,300 ft), with a slope greater than 5 degrees;

Elevation of at least 300 m (980 ft), with a 300 m (980 ft) elevation range within 7 km (4.3 mi).

Using these definitions, mountains cover 33% of Eurasia, 19% of South America, 24% of North America, and 14% of Africa.[13] As a whole, 24% of the Earth's land mass is mountainous

Answered: How does direction help us?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 22:58:29 +0000

Directions help us to find on which side a place is situated with reference to the other.

Direction is used to determine where things are in relation to other things. Sometimes direction is vague, like when we talk about things being in that general direction. For geographic purposes, direction is more specific.

It can describe position, like in the sentence Susie sits to the left of Adam. Susies direction is to the left of Adam; Adams direction is to the right of Susie. Direction can also describe movement: Susie can walk forward or backward, and she can turn left or right when walking to school.

Cardinal directions are probably the most important directions in geography: north, south, east and west. These directions help us orient ourselves wherever we are. For example, in the United States, San Francisco, California, is west of New York City, New York. If we live in New York, we have to travel west to get to California.

You can use a magnetic compass, which uses the Earths magnetic field, to figure out where you are or in which direction you want to go. Compasses always point north. If you dont have a compass, you can use the sun or the stars. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. So in the morning, the sun will be in the east; in the afternoon, it will be in the west. At night, the North Star in the Northern Hemisphere points north. The Southern Cross, which is a constellation, or group of stars, marks south in the Southern Hemisphere.

The arrow is a universal symbol for direction. If someone needs to turn right at a stop sign to get to the freeway, there will usually be an arrow pointing the way.

Answered: Define Demography

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 22:56:54 +0000

The study of population is called demography.

Demography is the science of populations. Demographers seek to understand population dynamics by investigating three main demographic processes: birth, migration, and aging (including death). All three of these processes contribute to changes in populations, including how people inhabit the earth, form nations and societies, and develop culture. While most of the discipline’s research focuses on humans, the MPIDR is also committed to the specialized field of biodemography.

Today, there is growing interest among the public in demography, as “demographic change” has become the subject of political debates in many developed countries. Most of these countries have birth rates below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman, and, at the same time, life expectancy has been rising considerably and continues to rise – a development sometimes called “the aging of societies.”

While demography cannot offer political advice on how to tackle demographic change, demographers seek to describe the phenomena related to this change, and to understand their causes. Using reliable data and the statistical processing of these data, modern demographic research embraces many scientific disciplines, including mathematics, economics and other social sciences, geography or biology.

Answered: In which province the percentage of urban population is maximum?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 22:55:05 +0000

The percentage of Urban population is maximum in Balochistan.

Answered: How many plateaus are there in Pakistan?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 22:52:13 +0000

There are two plateaus in Pakistan.

The land surface of Pakistan is an amalgamation of varying physical properties of the earth surface, i.e., from seashore to deserts, plains and plateaus to finally towering pinnacles rising to 28,000 feet and more. The plains of Pakistan include coastal area, upper and lower Indus plain, the Balochistan Plateau, Salt Range and Potwar Plateau. Pakistan, a mostly a dry country characterized by extremes of altitude and temperature, has three main river basins: Indus, Kharan and Mekran. The Indus Plain extends principally along the eastern side of the river, and the Balochistan Plateau lies to the south-west. Four other topographic areas are the narrow coastal plain bordering the Arabian Sea; the Thar Desert on the border with India; the mountains of the north and north-west; and the Kharan Basin, to the west of the Balochistan Plateau.

Balochistan Plateau: The area west of the Suleman and Kirthar mountains constitutes the Balochistan Plateau, located on an average height of 600-900 metres. To the west, mountains of Toba Karrar and Chagai separate Balochistan from the neighbouring Afghanistan. Due to absence of any meaningful rains, the north western part of the plateau is generally sandy and lifeless. However, sterams of water gush into the area if it rains. Devoid of any major river, Zhob River which has its headway in the Suleman mountains, falls into Gomal River. Hamman Mashkhel Lake is a salt water lake in the area. Coal, natural gas, chromites, iron and copper are some of the minerals that abound the Balochistan Plateau.

Coastal Area: The coastal area of Pakistan stretches along the Arabian Sea for some 1000 km from the marshy Rann of Kutch to Iran in the west. The Makran (Urdu: مکران) Coast Range forms a narrow strip of mountains along about 75 percent of the total coast length, or about 800 km. The name of the area might have been derived from Persian "mah-i-khoran" (fish eaters), Sumerian "magan", or Parthic "makuran". The steep mountains along the coastline rise to an elevation of up to 1,500 m . The coast of Makran possesses only one island, Astola Island, near Pasni, and several insignificant islets. The coastline can be divided into an eastern lagoon coastline and a western embayed coastline. The main lagoons are Miani Hor and Kalamat Hor. The main bays of the embayed coast are Gwadar West Bay and Gwatar Bay. This latter bay shelters a large mangrove forest and the nesting grounds of endangered turtle species.

Two ancient Harappan era settlements have been found at Sutkagen dor (on Dasht River)and Sokhta Koh (astride Shadi River). The coastal sites are evidence of trade between Harappan and Sumerian cities as well as those of the Gulf region. Makran was conquered by Cyrus in 530 BC. One of the earliest historical references to the area is the crossing by the army of Alexander the Great during its return from South Asia, as recorded in the journals of Nearchos. According to Nearchos, Alexander had wanted to surpass the achievements of Queen Semiramis and Cyrus the Great, whose attempts to cross the desert with armies had ended in disaster. However it has also been suggested it was necessary to take this route to travel in support of the Greek fleet. According to Plutarch, only one quarter of the Alexander's army survived the journey.

The Arabs settled in Makran in 643, and Muhamad ben Qasim Al Thakafi introduced Islam there in 711. According to the Moslim geographers of that time, Makran was a desert and hostile land. In Xth century, the Afghan Ghaznevid dynasty established in Makran a vassal Emirate to gain an access to the sea. The Ghorid dynasty did the same in 1186. In 1290, Marco Polo sailed along the coast of Makran and mentioned "Kesmacoran", ruled by a Baluch king. In 17th century, a local ruler, the Khan of Kalat, offered the area to the Sultan of Musqat, who appointed a "wali", a kind of Governor-Resident. In 1958, the Sultan of Oman sold the territory to Pakistan, which incorporated it into the province of Balochistan.

Answered: In how many forms is water present on the surface of earth?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 22:49:48 +0000

Water is present on earth in different forms as (i) Oceans (ii) rivers (iii) lakes (iv) Sea etc.

The Earth is a watery place. But just how much water exists on, in, and above our planet? About 71 percent of the Earth's surface is water-covered, and the oceans hold about 96.5 percent of all Earth's water. Water also exists in the air as water vapor, in rivers and lakes, in icecaps and glaciers, in the ground as soil moisture and in aquifers, and even in you and your dog.

Water is never sitting still. Thanks to the water cycle, our planet's water supply is constantly moving from one place to another and from one form to another. Things would get pretty stale without the water cycle!

All Earth's water in a bubble

This drawing shows blue spheres representing relative amounts of Earth's water in comparison to the size of the Earth. Are you surprised that these water spheres look so small? They are only small in relation to the size of the Earth. This image attempts to show three dimensions, so each sphere represents "volume." The volume of the largest sphere, representing all water on, in, and above the Earth, would be about 332,500,000 cubic miles (mi3) (1,386,000,000 cubic kilometers (km3)), and be about 860 miles (about 1,385 kilometers) in diameter.

The smaller sphere over Kentucky represents Earth's liquid fresh water in groundwater, swamp water, rivers, and lakes. The volume of this sphere would be about 2,551,000 mi3 (10,633,450 km3) and form a sphere about 169.5 miles (272.8 kilometers) in diameter. Yes, all of this water is fresh water, which we all need every day, but much of it is deep in the ground, unavailable to humans.

Do you notice the "tiny" bubble over Atlanta, Georgia? That one represents fresh water in all the lakes and rivers on the planet. Most of the water people and life on earth need every day comes from these surface-water sources. The volume of this sphere is about 22,339 mi3 (93,113 km3). The diameter of this sphere is about 34.9 miles (56.2 kilometers). Yes, Lake Michigan looks way bigger than this sphere, but you have to try to imagine a bubble almost 35 miles high—whereas the average depth of Lake Michigan is less than 300 feet (91 meters)

The vast majority of water on the Earth's surface, over 96 percent, is saline water in the oceans. The freshwater resources, such as water falling from the skies and moving into streams, rivers, lakes, and groundwater, provide people with the water they need every day to live. Water sitting on the surface of the Earth is easy to visualize, and your view of the water cycle might be that rainfall fills up the rivers and lakes. But, the unseen water below our feet is critically important to life, also. How do you account for the flow in rivers after weeks without rain? In fact, how do you account for the water flowing down a driveway on a day when it didn't rain? The answer is that there is more to our water supply than just surface water, there is also plenty of water beneath our feet.

Even though you may only notice water on the Earth's surface, there is much more freshwater stored in the ground than there is in liquid form on the surface. In fact, some of the water you see flowing in rivers comes from seepage of groundwater into river beds. Water from precipitation continually seeps into the ground to recharge aquifers, while at the same time water in the ground continually recharges rivers through seepage.

Answered: What useful role does dog play in snowy areas?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 22:47:08 +0000

Those of us living in cold, snowy regions of the country are used to the yearly routine of getting ourselves ready for the frosty season. We normally change our wardrobe, insulate our homes, and even get our cars set up for the winter roads. Because our dog needs as much preparation as we do, it’s crucial that we never forget taking precautions to keep Fido warm and safe. Due to the serious wintertime hazards outside, like ice and antifreeze, taking certain steps to ensure that the season brings only joy is of utmost importance.

How to Keep Fido Safe during Winter

· Keep a sharp lookout for ice. Since dogs can easily slip and break their bones just as people can, try your best to be extra careful around icy patches while walking. Besides, if you walk your leashed pooch, and he suddenly pulls you on icy spot, both of you may fall and injure yourselves.

Protect Fido’s feet. Some breeds have feet that tend to be better equipped for snow as compared to others. Siberian Huskies, for instance, have thick pads as well as dense coarse hair on their paws which protect them from the dangers of the freezing cold season. If your dog is not naturally designed for this, however, never let him stay out in the open for very long. Also, always dry their sensitive paws and wet fur with a clean soft towel once they come back in from play.

· Do not leave your pooch out alone in the cold. Like people, dogs can also get hypothermia. To avoid the serious consequences of this condition, see to it that you limit the time Fido spends outside, especially if he’s thin-coated, small, or old.

· Watch out for antifreeze. Although antifreeze can taste and smell great to animals, this substance is highly toxic for them. Always keep an eye out for any antifreeze spill, and once you suspect that your pooch has eaten some of it, take him to your vet immediately.

· Never feed him snow. Your pooch may love catching an icy snowball in his delicate mouth, but this fun activity could be unsafe or even deadly to him. Not only will it put him at risk of being intoxicated by poisonous chemicals that have lingered on the ground and mixed up with the slush, but feeding large amounts of it can also dramatically lower your pooch’s core temperature and trigger hypothermia.

Answered: How can we reach the mountain ranges of Pakistan?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 22:25:55 +0000

Arabian sea is situated in the south of Pakistan, Starting from the coast the hieght increaes towards north untill we reach the high mountain ranges.

Pakistan is home to of many mountains like northern and western mountains above 7,000 metres (22,970 ft). Five of the world's fourteen mountains taller than 8,000 metres (26,000 ft) ("eight-thousanders") are in Pakistan, four of which are near Concordia.

Most of Pakistan's high peaks are located in the KashmirKarakoram range, the highest of which is K2 8611 meter long (8,611 metres (28,251 ft)), the second-highest peak on earth. The highest peak of Himalayan range in Pakistan is Nanga Parbat (8,126 metres (26,660 ft)), which is the ninth-highest peak of the world.

Following are the mountain ranges that are fully or partially included in Pakistan:

Karakoram, including the world's second-highest peak, K2 (8,611 m or 28,251 ft)[1]

Himalayas; second highest peak in Pakistan is Nanga Parbat (8,126 metres (26,660 ft))[2]

Passu Cones; Situated along the Karakoram Highway in Upper Hunza (6,106 metres (20,033 ft)).

Hindu Kush; highest peak is Tirich Mir (7,690 metres (25,230 ft)).

Hindu Raj in northern Pakistan, part of the eastern Hindu Kush.

Safēd Kōh, starting from Tora Bora on the border with eastern Afghanistan west of the Khyber Pass.

Sulaiman Mountains; highest peak is Takht-e-Sulaiman (3,487 metres (11,440 ft)).

Spin Ghar Mountains; highest peak is Mount Sikaram (4,761 metres (15,620 ft))

Salt Range, a hill system in the Punjab Province that is abundant in salt; highest peak is Sakaser (1,522 metres (4,993 ft))

Margalla Hills in Punjab whose highest peak is Tilla Charouni (1,604 metres (5,262 ft))

Toba Kakar Range, a southern offshoot of the Hindu Kush in Balochistan

Makran Range, a semi-desert coastal strip in the south of Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan near the coast of the Arabian Sea. The narrow coastal plain rises very rapidly into several mountain ranges. Of its 1,000-kilometre (620 mi) extent, about 750 kilometres (470 mi) is in Pakistan

Ras Koh Range

Chagai Range

Kirthar Range, located along the Balochistan and Sindh provincial border. It runs north-south for about 300 kilometres (186 mi) from the Mula River in east-central Balochistan south to Cape Muari (Cape Monze) west of Karachi on the Arabian Sea. The Hill Station of Sindh at Gorakh, in Kirthar Mountains Range, off Dadu, at the height of 5,688 feet (1,734 m), averaging 5,500 feet (1,700 m), is one of the two large plateaus in the Sindh segment of Kirthar mountains.

Answered: What is meant by Carbonaceous Rocks? where are these rocks round in Pakistan?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 22:09:17 +0000

If the fossils of plants are foun in abundance then these rocks are called Carbonaceous rock. Carbon is found abunduntly in these rocks. Peat (raw coal) is a Cabonaceous rock. In Pakistan these rocks are found in the areas of North West Balochistan and Southern Sindh.

Answered: What is meant by lgneous?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 21:57:18 +0000

The word igneous is derived from a latin word "ignis'nwhich means fire

Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word ignis meaning fire), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either a planet's mantle or crust. Typically, the melting is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition. Solidification into rock occurs either below the surface as intrusive rocks or on the surface as extrusive rocks. Igneous rock may form with crystallization to form granular, crystalline rocks, or without crystallization to form natural glasses.

Geological significance

Igneous and metamorphic rocks make up 90–95% of the top 16 km of the Earth's crust by volume.[1] Igneous rocks form about 15% of the Earth's current land surface.[note 1] Most of the Earth's oceanic crust is made of igneous rock.

Igneous rocks are also geologically important because:

their minerals and global chemistry give information about the composition of the mantle, from which some igneous rocks are extracted, and the temperature and pressure conditions that allowed this extraction, and/or of other pre-existing rock that melted;

their absolute ages can be obtained from various forms of radiometric dating and thus can be compared to adjacent geological strata, allowing a time sequence of events;

their features are usually characteristic of a specific tectonic environment, allowing tectonic reconstitutions (see plate tectonics);

in some special circumstances they host important mineral deposits (ores): for example, tungsten, tin, and uranium are commonly associated with granites and diorites, whereas ores of chromium and platinum are commonly associated with gabbros.

Intrusive

Intrusive igneous rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of a planet, surrounded by pre-existing rock (called country rock); the magma cools slowly and, as a result, these rocks are coarse-grained. The mineral grains in such rocks can generally be identified with the naked eye. Intrusive rocks can also be classified according to the shape and size of the intrusive body and its relation to the other formations into which it intrudes. Typical intrusive formations are batholiths, stocks, laccoliths, sills and dikes. When the magma solidifies within the earth's crust, it cools slowly forming coarse textured rocks, such as granite, gabbro, or diorite.

The central cores of major mountain ranges consist of intrusive igneous rocks, usually granite. When exposed by erosion, these cores (called batholiths) may occupy huge areas of the Earth's surface.

Intrusive igneous rocks that form at depth within the crust are termed plutonic (or abyssal) rocks and are usually coarse-grained. Intrusive igneous rocks that form near the surface are termed subvolcanic or hypabyssal rocks and they are usually medium-grained. Hypabyssal rocks are less common than plutonic or volcanic rocks and often form dikes, sills, laccoliths, lopoliths, or phacoliths.

Answered: What does plants release?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 21:55:06 +0000

Plants release Oxygen. That is a necessary evil for our survival In a high-CO2 experiment, plants released roughly 10 percent less CO2. “It’s not miniscule. It’s measurable, and it’s significant,” Drake said. It’s significant enough to have a major impact on the wetlands’ carbon budget, and potentially the global carbon budget. It was also significant enough to provoke controversy when Drake and his colleagues reported it in 1992, partly because no one could explain how it was happening.

The 28-Year Experiment

Drake works on the Global Change Research Wetland, an experimental marsh at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Maryland. He created the experiment in 1987 to uncover how plants would respond to rising CO2. He surrounded 30 plots with open-top chambers and pumped half of them with an extra 340 parts per million CO2—roughly double atmospheric levels in 1987. He left the others exposed to normal air.

Climate change proceeded in the three decades since. Marsh sea level rose 20 centimeters. The growing season lengthened more than a week, and atmospheric CO2 rose nearly 18 percent, passing 400 ppm globally in May 2013. Inside the chambers, plants under higher CO2 soaked up more, as expected. But they also emitted less.

Drake and his colleagues weren’t the first to discover this. (Scientists noticed plants respiring less under high CO2 in the early 20th century.) But they were among the first to pay serious attention and evaluate it in terms of carbon budgets.

“This is a really controversial idea,” Drake said. Many doubted or dismissed it outright. Part of the controversy stemmed from the nature of their experiments. Before Drake, few had looked at the actual gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere, because it is technically challenging. Most had examined only the results of high CO2 on plant growth.

“You wouldn’t see what the total budget is,” he said. “You’d see only a piece of it. It’d be like you had an accounting system that didn’t measure inputs and losses, just the turnover of cash.”

The process was also counter-intuitive. It made sense for plants to avail themselves of extra CO2 for photosynthesis. But what would keep them from releasing the excess afterward?

Answered: Write the advantages of forests

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 21:52:47 +0000

Forests play a vital role in Canada’s economic health, with the forest industry accounting for some 297,000 direct and indirect jobs.

At the same time, forests also store carbon, preserve soils and nurture a diversity of species. These non-timber benefits are known as “ecosystem services.”

Accounting for ecosystem services accurately in policy- and decision-making is a difficult task, especially when some have clearer dollar values than others. However, Canadians increasingly recognize the many ecosystem services that forests provide, and resource agencies are starting to assess and estimate forests’ economic, social and environmental values.

The benefits provided by forest ecosystems include:

goods such as timber, food, fuel and bioproducts

ecological functions such as carbon storage, nutrient cycling, water and air purification, and maintenance of wildlife habitat

social and cultural benefits such as recreation, traditional resource uses and spirituality

The primary challenge for sustainable forest management is finding ways to continue to benefit from ecological services without compromising the forest’s ability to provide those services.

Answered: Where does Hamun-e-Mashkhel resides?

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 21:50:33 +0000

The western part of Balochistan plateau is dry due to shortage of rainfall. Here lies a desert between Chagai and Siahan mountain in which there lies a salt lake called "Humun-e-Mashkhel".

Answered: What percent of world's population lives in plains

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 21:47:31 +0000

80% of wolrd's population resides in plains.

=At least 80% of humanity lives on less than $10 a day.Source 1

More than 80 percent of the world’s population lives in countries where income differentials are widening.Source 2

The poorest 40 percent of the world’s population accounts for 5 percent of global income. The richest 20 percent accounts for three-quarters of world income.Source 3

According to UNICEF, 22,000 children die each day due to poverty. And they die quietly in some of the poorest villages on earth, far removed from the scrutiny and the conscience of the world. Being meek and weak in life makes these dying multitudes even more invisible in death.Source 4

Around 27-28 percent of all children in developing countries are estimated to be underweight or stunted. The two regions that account for the bulk of the deficit are South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

If current trends continue, the Millennium Development Goals target of halving the proportion of underweight children will be missed by 30 million children, largely because of slow progress in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.Source 5

Based on enrollment data, about 72 million children of primary school age in the developing world were not in school in 2005; 57 per cent of them were girls. And these are regarded as optimistic numbers.Source 6

Nearly a billion people entered the 21st century unable to read a book or sign their names.Source 7

Less than one per cent of what the world spent every year on weapons was needed to put every child into school by the year 2000 and yet it didn’t happen.Source 8

Infectious diseases continue to blight the lives of the poor across the world. An estimated 40 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, with 3 million deaths in 2004. Every year there are 350–500 million cases of malaria, with 1 million fatalities: Africa accounts for 90 percent of malarial deaths and African children account for over 80 percent of malaria victims worldwide.Source 9

Water problems affect half of humanity:

Some 1.1 billion people in developing countries have inadequate access to water, and 2.6 billion lack basic sanitation.

Almost two in three people lacking access to clean water survive on less than $2 a day, with one in three living on less than $1 a day.

More than 660 million people without sanitation live on less than $2 a day, and more than 385 million on less than $1 a day.

Access to piped water into the household averages about 85% for the wealthiest 20% of the population, compared with 25% for the poorest 20%.

1.8 billion people who have access to a water source within 1 kilometre, but not in their house or yard, consume around 20 litres per day. In the United Kingdom the average person uses more than 50 litres of water a day flushing toilets (where average daily water usage is about 150 liters a day. The highest average water use in the world is in the US, at 600 liters day.)

Some 1.8 million child deaths each year as a result of diarrhoea

The loss of 443 million school days each year from water-related illness.

Close to half of all people in developing countries suffering at any given time from a health problem caused by water and sanitation deficits.

Millions of women spending several hours a day collecting water.

To these human costs can be added the massive economic waste associated with the water and sanitation deficit.… The costs associated with health spending, productivity losses and labour diversions … are greatest in some of the poorest countries. Sub-Saharan Africa loses about 5% of GDP, or some $28.4 billion annually, a figure that exceeds total aid flows and debt relief to the region in 2003.Source

Answered: Which Characteristics are found in a map and a picture.

Fri, 04 Jan 2019 21:42:58 +0000

A map is a symbolic representation of selected characteristics of a place, usually drawn on a flat surface. Maps present information about the world in a simple, visual way. They teach about the world by showing sizes and shapes of countries, locations of features, and distances between places. Maps can show distributions of things over the Earth, such as settlement patterns. They can show exact locations of houses and streets in a city neighborhood.

Mapmakers, called cartographers, create maps for many different purposes. Vacationers use road maps to plot routes for their trips. Meteorologists—scientists who study the weather—use weather maps to prepare forecasts. City planners decide where to put hospitals and parks with the help of maps that show land features and how the land is currently being used.

Some common features of maps include scale, symbols, and grids.

Scale

All maps are scale models of reality. A map’s scale indicates the relationship between the distances on the map and the actual distances on Earth. This relationship can be expressed by a graphic scale, a verbal scale, or a representative fraction.

The most common type of graphic scale looks like a ruler. Also called a bar scale, it is simply a horizontal line marked off in miles, kilometers, or some other unit of measuring distance.

The verbal scale is a sentence that relates distance on the map to distance on Earth. For example, a verbal scale might say, “One centimeter represents one kilometer” or “One inch represents eight miles.”

The representative fraction does not have specific units. It is shown as a fraction or ratio—for example, 1/1,000,000 or 1:1,000,000. This means that any given unit of measure on the map is equal to one million of that unit on Earth. So, 1 centimeter on the map represents 1,000,000 centimeters on Earth, or 10 kilometers. One inch on the map represents 1,000,000 inches on Earth, or a little less than 16 miles.