Questions and Answers - Recent questions and answers in Pak. Studies

Answered: Write a short note on Defence Industry?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 09:08:54 +0000

$190 Billion Request for the War Effort

During September, the month Defense Secretary Robert Gates asked Congress for nearly $190 billion to pay for the war effort in Iraq and Afghanistan. This adds an additional $42 billion to the administration’s initial request of $141.7 billion earlier this year. Of this amount, $11 billion would be used to pay for additional armored vehicles to protect troops from roadside bombs.

Executive Comments from the Morgan Stanley Investor Conference

Raytheon (NYSE:RTN) said it expects more sales to Middle East and Asia countries in the next three years due to a stronger petrodollar and the perception of a more intimidating China. According to CEO William Swanson, the firm receives between 18% to 19% of its revenue from overseas sales but this could climb to as much as 25% over the next 5 years. Swanson also said that the upcoming U.S. military reset* will be a big number for the company.

Northrop Grumman’s (NYSE:NOC) COO Wesley Bush says that they see “very, very strong support for a solid defense budget" in both the Republican and Democrat parties. This is driven by the perception that there is a growing number of external threats and a need by DoD to improve the military's information technology.

Are Rules for Export Restrictions Lightening?

The U.S. and Australia have agreed to loosen restrictions on sales of U.S. armaments to Australia. Once finalized, the treaty will allow prescreened firms to export approved defense technology to Australia without going through the current licensing process. Instead, the firms will notify the State Department that the sale has taken place. The treaty must still be approved by the Senate.

Defense News in a recent article stated that defense contractors have long chafed at the lengthy licensing process required to secure the right to export military hardware and technology. According to Jeremiah Gertler, vice president for defense and international affairs at the Aerospace Industries Association, "the administration has welcomed suggestions for change [and] there is openness to reform. The reality is that companies in other countries are offering defense technologies to interested parties around the world. The U.S. sees an advantage to arming its allies and any efforts to reduce the cumbersome burden of export licensing of military technology would be a boon to defense companies

Answered: What are the efforts made b present government regarding "Gender Equality"

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 09:03:19 +0000

The Challenge

Around the world nearly 98 million girls are not in school. Globally, 1 in 3 women will experience gender-based violence in her lifetime. In the developing world, 1 in 7 girls is married before her 15th birthday, with some child brides as young as 8 or 9. Each year more than 287,000 women, 99 percent of them in developing countries, die from pregnancy- and childbirth-related complications.

While women make up more than 40 percent of the agriculture labor force only 3 to 20 percent are landholders. In Africa, women-owned enterprises make up as little as 10 percent of all businesses. In South Asia, that number is only 3 percent. And despite representing half the global population, women comprise less than 20 percent of the world's legislators.

The Opportunity

Investing in gender equality and women’s empowerment can unlock human potential on a transformational scale.

Women account for one-half of the potential human capital in any economy. More than half a billion women have joined the world’s work force over the past 30 years, and they make up 40 percent of the agriculture labor force. According to the World Bank, countries with greater gender equality are more prosperous and competitive.

An extra year of secondary school for girls can increase their future earnings by 10-20 percent. Girls with secondary schooling are up to 6 times less likely to marry as children than those with little or no education. And countries that invest in girls’ education have lower maternal and infant deaths, lower rates of HIV and AIDS, and better child nutrition.

When women participate in civil society and politics, governments are more open, democratic and responsive to citizens. When women are at the negotiating table, peace agreements are more inclusive and durable. And simply by empowering women farmers with the same access to land, new technologies and capital as men, we can increase crop yields by as much as 30 percent helping to feed a growing population.

Answered: Write down five hurdles in the way of economic development in Pakistan.

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 08:58:03 +0000

There are many barriers and difficulties in the way of economic development of less developed countries. Development for developing nations is desirable but not achievable due to a lot of hurdles. These obstacles are grouped into the following five categories:

Economic Obstacles

Social Obstacles

Cultural Obstacles

Political Obstacles and

Administrative Obstacles

A. ECONOMIC OBSTACLES

Some of the main economic obstacles are given below:

1- Deficiency of Capital and Foreign Exchange

There is scarcity of capital and foreign exchange in Pakistan. Lack of capital and foreign exchange are a big hurdle in way of economic development. Per capita income is very low i.e., $ 1095. Low level of per capita income results in low saving and low investment. Domestic saving is just 9.9 % of GDP in Pakistan; it should be 25 % for rapid economic development. Foreign exchange reserves of Pakistan are just $ 15.0 billion.

2- Vicious Circle of Poverty

According to Ranger Nurkse, vicious circle of poverty is the greatest obstacle in way of economic development. In developing countries there is low income that leads to low saving and low investment. Low level of investment causes low rate of capital formation, which stops the economic development. Rate of capital formation is just 5%.

3- Backward Natural Resources

No doubt, developing countries including Pakistan have rich and many resources. But due to backward state of technology these resources are un-utilized, under-utilized or mis-utilized. So, the improper utilization of natural resources is also a hurdle in the development procedure. Share of natural resources to GDP is less than 1 %.

4- Backward State Technology

Use of backward technology is another problem of economic development. Due to use of backward technology productivity level of our labour and its efficiency is very low. Productive quality and quantity is also inferior due to use of old means of production. Annual value of productivity of our labour is about $ 100 as compare to the more than $2500 in advanced countries.

5- Inflation

High rate of inflation is also a hurdle in way of economic development. Rate of inflation is 13.3 % in Pakistan. Due to inflation purchasing power of people decreases, their consumption increases and saving decreases. Low saving leads to less investment and a country remains poor and backward.

6- Low Per Capita Income

Per capita income of Pakistan is very low as compared to the rich nations. Low per capita income is due to low level of national income and high rate of population growth. Low per capita income results in low saving and low investment. So, in the economy, capital formation rate is low that is a serious obstacle in way of economic development. Per capita income in Pakistan is $ 1095.

7- Internal and External Debts

To operate some major projects, government has to take loans from national and international resources. These debts and their services charges are increasing day by day. While taking loans from abroad we have to follow the terms and conditions of foreign donors that is the obstacle in our growth and development process. Today, the burden of total public debts is Rs. 8160 billion and an external debt is $ 53.9 billion.

8- Dependence on Agriculture

In Pakistan, about 68% population is living in 46,894 villages. Their main occupation is agriculture that is at backward stage. Old methods of cultivation, less credit facilities, unorganized markets and limited irrigation facilities are factors, which are hurdle in the process of economic development. Total cropped area of Pakistan is 23.8 million hectares which is about 28% of total area.

9- Dualistic Economy

Dualistic economy refers to the huge difference between various economic sectors. There are vast regional and income disparities in Pakistan. There is co-existence of fully advanced and fully backward state of technology in the same sector at the same time. Similarly, population of Pakistan is very rich and very poor; it is also a hurdle in economic development.

10- Deficit Balance of Payment

Pakistan is facing the persistent deficit in its balance of payment since 1947 with the exception of 5 or 6 years. Higher imports volume than exports are an obstacle in way of economic development. At present, imports of Pakistan are $ 25.107 billion, exports are $ 14.162 billion and deficit in balance of payment is $ 10.945 billion in 2009-10.

Answered: What was the style of poetry of Rehman Baba?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 08:53:09 +0000

The backdrop of any event is as important as the event itself.

So, to set the context, allow me to first give a brief and relevant background of the Armenian Genocide and the Khilafat Movement before coming back to your question.

[For those who don't have much time, please straightaway jump to '#3' for my opinions on the original question, or read the 'summary' at the very end]

#1. The Armenian Genocide

1. Why it happened?

During the Battle of Sarikamish in the year 1915 between the Ottoman empire and the Russian empire, the Armenians (living in the Ottoman empire) openly sided with the Russians. This lead to an Ottoman defeat.

After this, the Ottomans systematically exterminated around a million of its Armenian subjects.

2. What reason was given by the Ottomans for these killings?

They said that these Armenians are causing a very serious pro-Russian insurrection within the empire. So it is very necessary to crush these anti-nationalist elements in the bigger interest of the empire.

3. Was it considered a genocide?

No, at least not at that time. Infact the word genocide itself was coined in the year 1943 by a Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin. At that time, it was seen either as 'suppression of anti-nationalist sentiments' or a 'state-sponsored mass killing', the two sides of the same coin, and both were commonly used by the empires to justify their stand throughout history.

As of 2016, only 29 countries officially recognize it as a genocide, and India is still not one of them. Turkey and Azerbaijan outright deny that such a level of mass killing of Armenians ever took place in the Ottoman empire.

#2. The Khilafat Movement

1. Why Turkey was important to Indian Muslims?

e Muslims all over the world, and that include the Indian Muslims too, regarded the Caliph of Turkey as their supreme spiritual head. Any disrespect to the Caliph was sure to enrage Muslims as there were deep-seated religious sentiments attached with that position.

Answered: What advice did Gandhi gave to Muslims during Khilafat movement?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 08:47:00 +0000

The backdrop of any event is as important as the event itself.

So, to set the context, allow me to first give a brief and relevant background of the Armenian Genocide and the Khilafat Movement before coming back to your question.

[For those who don't have much time, please straightaway jump to '#3' for my opinions on the original question, or read the 'summary' at the very end]

#1. The Armenian Genocide

1. Why it happened?

During the Battle of Sarikamish in the year 1915 between the Ottoman empire and the Russian empire, the Armenians (living in the Ottoman empire) openly sided with the Russians. This lead to an Ottoman defeat.

After this, the Ottomans systematically exterminated around a million of its Armenian subjects.

2. What reason was given by the Ottomans for these killings?

They said that these Armenians are causing a very serious pro-Russian insurrection within the empire. So it is very necessary to crush these anti-nationalist elements in the bigger interest of the empire.

3. Was it considered a genocide?

No, at least not at that time. Infact the word genocide itself was coined in the year 1943 by a Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin. At that time, it was seen either as 'suppression of anti-nationalist sentiments' or a 'state-sponsored mass killing', the two sides of the same coin, and both were commonly used by the empires to justify their stand throughout history.

As of 2016, only 29 countries officially recognize it as a genocide, and India is still not one of them. Turkey and Azerbaijan outright deny that such a level of mass killing of Armenians ever took place in the Ottoman empire.

#2. The Khilafat Movement

1. Why Turkey was important to Indian Muslims?

The Muslims all over the world, and that include the Indian Muslims too, regarded the Caliph of Turkey as their supreme spiritual head. Any disrespect to the Caliph was sure to enrage Muslims as there were deep-seated religious sentiments attached with that position.

In which mountains Pakistan tested atomic bombs?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 08:41:09 +0000

In which mountains Pakistan tested atomic bombs?

Answered: Write a note on "First"m and "Second" parts of Balochi poetry.

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 08:31:26 +0000

The clearest way to describe Baluchi poetry is by dividing it into 4 periods: (1) classical, from ca. 1550-1700; (2) post-classical, from 1700-1800; (3) 19th century to early 20th century; (4) modern, after ca. 1930.

Historical development and genres. Up to the modern period, all Baluchi literature was oral and mostly poetical, saved only in the memories of professional reciters (ḍōmbs, lōṛīs, or lāngaws), but from the 1850s on, it was sometimes preserved in writing by collectors (mainly British) in India. By far the most important of these was Mansell Longworth Dames (1850-1922), an Indian Civil Servant, whose work in the 1890s superseded that of all his predecessors. Others followed, including in the 20th century some Baluchi collectors. Serious literary production in prose was not attempted before the 20th century. (The main written sources are given in the Bibliography.)

The preserved poetry of the classical period appears to consist entirely of ballads, whilst from the post-classical times onward some lyrical poems, mainly ghazals (lyric poems; see ḠAZAL) or similar types, make their appearance. The oldest classical ballads, called daptar šā’irī “register ballads” due to their lists of personal, tribal, and place names, may date back to the 16th century. The few that have been preserved are often badly corrupted. Their content does not vary a great deal: the first migrations of the Baluch tribes from their supposed original home in Aleppo, Syria, after the Battle of Karbalāʾ (680 CE) eastwards towards Persia, thence through present-day Iranian Baluchistan to Kech (Kēč, in the Makrān division of Baluchistan province, Pakistan). The Kech valley was a central meeting-point for the tribes, who then branched out on their further migrations. Only these parts of the ballads, providing details (place-names, etc.) after the Baluch arrival in Iranian Baluchistan, can have any historical value. Their origins in Aleppo are quite mythical; some of these daptars have been published.

The body of Baluchi classical poetry is more extensive than previously thought, and only a part of it has been collected and published. The main body may be conveniently classified in various cycles of heroic balladry, and the constant theme is that of tribal conflict. The structure of Baluch society in the 16th-18th centuries is clearly mirrored in them. It is a picture of a semi-nomadic tribal society, strongly hierarchical and male-dominated, in which concepts of duty and honor play the chief roles, superseding all individual inclinations, so that the outcomes of conflicts are almost always tragic. The chief code of conduct was riwāǰ “tribal law,” infringement of which usually meant death or banishment.

The most important, as well as extensive, cycle is the Čākur Cycle of ballads, a number of which have been collected and published. Its main subject is the events of the long, thirty years’ war between the Rind and Lāšārī tribes, leading to the virtual extermination of the latter. The events described probably belong to the period 1475-1525. It is difficult to vouch for the contemporary nature of many of the extant ballads, for they have been elaborated and reworked over the centuries by reciters; but certainly the core of them must be authentic. Little can be deduced from their language, for the extreme conservatism of Baluchi has kept it from important linguistic change: the Baluchi of a thousand years ago cannot have been very different from the Baluchi of today.

Answered: What is meant by common religion?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 08:29:19 +0000

Religion may be defined as a cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual elements. However, there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion.[1][2]

Different religions may or may not contain various elements ranging from the divine[3], sacred things[4], faith,[5] a supernatural being or supernatural beings[6] or "some sort of ultimacy and transcendence that will provide norms and power for the rest of life".[7] Religious practices may include rituals, sermons, commemoration or veneration (of deities), sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trances, initiations, funerary services, matrimonial services, meditation, prayer, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture. Religions have sacred histories and narratives, which may be preserved in sacred scriptures, and symbols and holy places, that aim mostly to give a meaning to life. Religions may contain symbolic stories, which are sometimes said by followers to be true, that have the side purpose of explaining the origin of life, the universe, and other things. Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has been considered a source of religious beliefs.[8]

There are an estimated 10,000 distinct religions worldwide,[9] but about 84% of the world's population is affiliated with one of the five largest religion groups, namely Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism or forms of folk religion.[10] The religiously unaffiliated demographic includes those who do not identify with any particular religion, atheists and agnostics. While the religiously unaffiliated have grown globally, many of the religiously unaffiliated still have various religious beliefs.

The study of religion encompasses a wide variety of academic disciplines, including theology, comparative religion and social scientific studies. Theories of religion offer various explanations for the origins and workings of religion, including the ontological foundations of religious being and belief

Answered: How was the canal water dispute solved between pakistan and India?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 08:16:27 +0000

The India Pakistan water dispute

Scarcity of water is a huge problem to many countries of the world, especially those which are developing. The effects of environmental degradation and poor management of available water resource have made water one of the scarcest resources in many poor economies. As a result, there is a struggle for this resource and this sometimes leads to conflicts. The India-Pakistan water conflict is an example of conflict arising from struggle from scarce resources. Growing scarcity of water resources, increasing population and poor management of water resource in India and Pakistan has resulted in an increasing demand for water resources. The increasing scarcity of water leads to the desire for control of water resources, which in turn becomes a ground for breeding conflicts.

These conflicts are manifested at interstate and intra-state levels.

The need for water is accentuated by the fact that these countries are mainly agrarian economies. These conflicts have not only hampered their economic development at the national level, but the region, as a whole, is not fully benefiting from the process of globalization. However, the scarcity of water resources in some cases has been instrumental in developing cooperation among states. The Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan is one of the few examples, of the settlement of a major, international river basin conflict. However, the grievances of contracting parties, lead to the possibility that the present cooperation may turn into a future conflict.

This paper will focus on the India-Pakistan water dispute. The study will focus on water sharing treaty with Pakistan and India, with a comparative evaluation of past and future trends, followed by suggestions for sustainable future cooperation. Factors which have led to the dispute, status of disputes and the threat of transformation of the disputes to armed conflicts in future will be discussed in the paper. In addition, implications of the disputes amongst these states and how cooperation can resolve the disputes will also be discussed. Recommendations on how this dispute can be resolved, including using mediation, dialog, water conservation and others will also be briefly discussed. Finally, a short summary will highlight the discussed issues.

History of India-Pakistan water dispute

The water dispute between Pakistan and India began during the early 1960s.

However, the Indus Treaty between the two countries created an understanding of how water between the two countries would be shared. Six rivers that is; the Chenab, Indus, Beas, Sutlej, Ravi and Jhelum flow to Pakistan from India. This treaty divided three rivers for use by each country, and India had the Beas, Sutlej and Ravi. Pakistan had access to the Jhelum, Chenab and Indus. [1] During the 1990s, India constructed a hydro-electric plant in Doda district along Chenab River. This river is one of the tributaries of the Indus River and was designated by the Indus Treaty for use by Pakistan.

The Pakistani government, political and religious leaders saw this as a move by India to control these waters. This was seen to be in breach of the Indus Treaty and a threat to the Pakistani economy. There were several ways in which the Pakistani economy could be affected. These include reduction of water capacity for Pakistani peoples, which could affect agricultural and animal rearing activities. India also had political superiority by having the ability to flood Pakistan during war times through releasing excess water. These and other reasons increased tension between both countries in attempts to control this water resource.

Answered: Which tunes and instruments created by Muslim artists?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 08:02:41 +0000

VADODARA: When Yamu Sheikh starts playing the drum and tabla at garba venues, thousands of youngsters swing to the tunes of his beats. The crowds even demand to play their favourite garbas and Sheikh readily obliges.

The Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) and some Hindu outfits that have issued diktat to garba organizers in Gujarat to ban entry of Muslim boys in garba venues seem to be oblivious of the fact that Muslim artists are the lifeline of several garba venues in the state.

These artists sing garbas and play musical instruments at many popular garba venues in Gujarat and abroad too.

"Artists don't have any religion. Our passion is to entertain the audience that turns up in large numbers at the garba venues. I have been playing musical instruments since years at different garba venues and the response from revelers has been very encouraging," said Sheikh, who has been performing for over two decades, told TOI.

When asked about VHP's diktat, Sheikh said that it is not right to politicize a sacred festival like Navratri.

"We have never faced any discrimination from people during our years of performances at different garba venues in Vadodara, Surat and Valsad and even the UK and US," Sheikh added.

Twenty-nine-year old Atta Khan, a MSU performing arts faculty alumnus, too has been singing garbas in different cities of Gujarat for the last one decade. He has been a regular at venues like Polo Club, Sitabaug Garba Ground in Vadodara apart from Surat, Rajpipla and even Madhya Pradesh.

"Wherever we performed, the revelers knew that a Muslim artist was singing garbas but no one objected. In fact, we got amazing response from the crowd who demanded to play their favourite garbas. We all enjoy the nine-night festival," Khan said and added that banning Muslim boys from garba venues is uncalled for and isn't in the right spirit of the festival.

Answered: What is the importance of control water logging and salinity in agriculture sector?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 07:58:02 +0000

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to investigate the impacts of water logging and salinity on crop production in village

Adina, District Swabi of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Questionnaire survey was used for data collection about underlying causes

of water logging and salinity in the area, comparative assessment of yield production in water logged and non-water logged

soil and vulnerability of different crops to water logging and salinity. Soil was also analyzed for pH and Electrical

Conductivity. Study findings indicated that yield of crops was comparatively low approximately (88%) in water logged and

saline areas. The major causes contributing to water logging and salinity were seepage from canals and Terbala Dam (48%)

and poor irrigation practices of farmers (28%). Rice crop was resistant to water logging while maize and wheat were most

effected crops. Results of analysis indicated that pH and electrical conductivity of water logged soil samples was high. It is

suggested on the basis of results that modern scientific methods should be used for irrigation and cultivation in the affected

area. Salinity Control and Reclamation Project (SCARP) was launched in the area that proved effective but still there is a

need to upgrade the existing project to reclaim important agricultural land.

Keywords: Water logging, Salinity, Village Adina, Rice, SCARP.

INTRODUCTION

Waterlogging and salinity reduce plant growth

and resultantly reduce crop production. Pakistan is mainly

dependent on agriculture sector and thus loss of

agricultural production poses serious threats to the

economy (Zaman and Ahmad, 2009). About 75% of the

total population is directly or indirectly dependent upon

the agricultural sector. The agricultural sector is mainly

dependent on the irrigation system of and almost 80% of

agricultural production comes from the lands which are

cultivated though irrigation channels and the remaining

20% are rain dependent lands (Chaudhry et al., 2002 and

Azhar et al., 2004a). Due to the poor drainage facilities in

the irrigation system not only the agricultural lands have

suffered but also agricultural production has suffered from

the twin menace of water logging and salinity. Thus water

logging and salinity act as severe constraints to the

agricultural production in Pakistan. It has been identified

as a biotic environmental factor which has been eroding

the agricultural production for more than three decades

and thus causing threat to our future survival. The lands

which are severely affected by water logging and salinity

have gone out of production while much decreased has

been caused to the agricultural production of lands which

are slightly or moderately affected (Federal bureau of

statistics, 1987). It has been estimated that water logging

and salinity affects 25% of irrigated land in Pakistan,

reducing crop yields (Chambers, 1988 and Yudelman,

1989). Moreover, 48% of the soils in Sindh, 18% in

Punjab are strongly affected by salinity and water logging

(Khan, 1991). Similarly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 0.472

Mha of land is affected by salinity (Qureshi and Lennard,

1998). Approximately 40,000 hectare of arable land in

Pakistan is lost annually to cultivation due to salinity, and

it is suggested that two tons of salt are added to each

irrigated hectare per year (Stoner, 1988). While

worldwide, Oldeman et al (1991) estimated that 10.5 Mha

are affected by waterlogging and 76.6 Mha are affected by

human-induced salinization, but they did not differentiate

salinity in the irrigated and non-irrigated rain- fed areas.

Similarly Ghassemi et al (1995) carried out a survey on

selected countries that represent about 70 percent of global

irrigated land, estimate the total world-wide salt-affected

lands in the irrigated area to be 45.4 Mha. The two major

environmental impacts of waterlogging and salt-affected

soils are the decline in crop productivity and loss of arable

land.

Water logging (hypoxia) and salinity have a

range of effects. Firstly, they rapidly decrease the initial

growth of roots and shoots (Barrett-Lennard, 1986a and

Drew et al., 1988). Secondly, affect the processes

associated with solute movement across membranes, such

as nutrients uptake e.g. nitrogen, and increase the

availability of nutrients, e.g. iron and manganese

(Ponnamperuma 1977; Trought and Drew, 1980 and

Buwalda et al., 1988a), the regulation of cytoplasmic pH

and membrane potentials (Greenway and Gibbs, 2003),

and thirdly, effect the stomatal conductance i.e. it causes

to decrease the stomatal conductance or leaf water

potential (Bradford and Hsiao, 1982; Huang et al., 1995a

and Else et al., 2001). Thus all these factors contribute to

the reduction of yields and loss of arable lands. The aim of

this study is to identify the causes of water logging and

salinity in the area, comparative assessment of yield

production and soil and vulnerability of different crops to

water logging and salinity. Although, the SCARP is

working effectively but still water logging and salinity are

major problems of the area, therefore, the emphasis would

be primarily on the technical aspects of reclamation.

Answered: When did Kashmiris freedom fighters started struggle against India?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 07:49:07 +0000

When British became the rulers of India in 1856, Muslims got Shattered in pieces. In 1857, Muslims took part in Independence War in their hope of reviving the Mughal empire. As a matter of fact, it could not be avoided that it was a mutiny not a war in which Muslims took part.

As a result, British held Muslims responsible for this mutiny and they adopt cruel policy against Muslims. They confiscated Muslims properties and Withdrawn their jobs. Muslims were suppressed by British and Hindus. Those were the dark days for Muslims. They were suffering by the hands of British and Hindus.

Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan’s Role:

Sir Sayyed awakened the Muslims. Muslims were in deep slumber at that time. He awakened them from their slumber. He guided Muslims. He struggled for them.

Sir Sayyed was from a noble family and was born on 17 Oct 1817 in Delhi. He got his early education from his maternal grandfather Khawaja Farid ud Din. He was educated in holy Quran, Arabic and Persian literature.

After his father death in 1833, he had to join government service. By 1857, Sir Sayyed Ahmed khan had spent nearly twenty years in judicial service. He was known for his justice.

In 1857, sir Sayyed was posted at Bijnaur when the war of 1857 broke out. It perturbed local European officers and their families. He saved many British Officers even at the risk of his own life. He also saved British women and children from being killed. He refused to accept the offered estate for his services which he rendered to the British.

The Beginning of the Aligarh Movement:

The British had held the Muslims responsible for the war of Independence and, therefore adopted a cruel policy to punish them for their role in the war of Independence. On the other hand Hindus were let off though they were also equally responsible for the war.

Due to policy adopted by British, Muslims remain suppressed. They lost their distinction as a nation. Their properties were confiscated and their jobs were withdrawn. To further increase pressure or situation, the British replaced Persian with English as Official Language. The Muslims didn’t learn English. They thought it is against their religion. On the other hand Hindus quickly superseded the Muslims in the educational field by adopting English.

Sir Sayyed Always desired to see Muslims at a respectable position in society and decided to guide them in their struggle for the revival of their past position of glory. The services which Sir Sayyed rendered for the Muslims are known as “The Aligarh Movement”.

The Indian Muslims had always saw British as their enemies and they always avoided social interaction with them, which created a great deal of misunderstanding among the British about the Muslims. Sir Sayyed knew that this condition of Muslims shall not be improved unless the Muslims change their behavior. He wanted Muslims should adopt a more lenient attitude towards British and extend necessary loyalties to rulers of the country. Muslim’s policy of hatred for the British was only beneficial for Hindus who were getting close to British. He advised to change that policy.

Muslims were also lagging behind in the education because of their conservative approach toward the English and Modern Knowledge. Sir Sayyed began his movement by diluting suspicion and misunderstanding between the Muslims and Hindus.

Answered: Write down the names of educational institutions, which were created as a result of Aligarh Movement .

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 07:43:53 +0000

Answered: How many parts are there of Pakistan on the basis of temperature?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 07:29:15 +0000

Pakistan recorded one of the highest temperatures in the world – 53.5 °C (128.3 °F) – on 26 May 2010, the hottest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan, but also the hottest reliably measured temperature ever recorded on the continent of Asia.[1][2] As Pakistan is located on a great landmass north of the Tropic of Cancer (between latitudes 25° and 36° N), it has a continental type of climate characterized by extreme variations of temperature, both seasonally and daily. Very high altitudes modify the climate in the cold, snow-covered northern mountains; temperatures on the Balochistan Plateau are somewhat higher. Along the coastal strip, the climate is modified by sea breezes. In the rest of the country, temperatures reach great heights in the summer; the mean temperature during June is 38 °C (100 °F) in the plains, the highest temperatures can exceed 47 °C (117 °F). In the summer, hot winds called Loo blow across the plains during the day. Trees shed their leaves to avoid loss of moisture. The dry, hot weather is broken occasionally by dust storms and thunderstorms that temporarily lower the temperature. Evenings are cool; the diurnal variation in temperature may be as much as 11C to 17C. Winters are cold, with minimum mean temperatures in Punjab of about 4 °C (39 °F) in January, and sub-zero temperatures in the far north and Balochistan.

The monsoon and the Western Disturbance are the two main factors which alter the weather over Pakistan; otherwise, Continental air prevails for rest of the year. Following are the main factors that influence the weather over Pakistan.

Western Disturbances mostly occur during the winter months and cause light to moderate showers in southern parts of the country while moderate to heavy showers with heavy snowfall in the northern parts of the country. These westerly waves are robbed of most of the moisture by the time they reach Pakistan.

Fog occurs during the winter season and remains for weeks in upper Sindh, central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab.

Southwest Monsoon occurs in summer from the month of June till September in almost whole Pakistan excluding western Balochistan, FATA, Chitral and Gilgit–Baltistan. Monsoon rains bring much awaited relief from the scorching summer heat. These monsoon rains are quite heavy by nature and can cause significant flooding, even severe flooding if they interact with westerly waves in the upper parts of the country.

Tropical Storms usually form during the summer months from late April till June and then from late September till November. They affect the coastal localities of the country.

Dust storms occur during summer months with peak in May and June, They are locally known as Andhi. These dust storms are quite violent. Dust storms during the early summer indicate the arrival of the monsoons while dust storms in the autumn indicate the arrival of winter.

Heat waves occur during May and June, especially in southern Punjab, central Balochistan and Sindh.

Thunderstorms most commonly occur in northern Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad Kashmir.

Continental air prevails during the period when there is no precipitation in the country.

Answered: Does an Islamic democratic state represent national integration and cohesion?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 07:11:36 +0000

In this chapter the students will learn about the meaning of national integration and cohesion, Significance in an Islamic Democratic State, Problems in the way to national cohesion and integration in Pakistan and Remedial measures.

Answered: Write down a note on scientific society.

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 07:08:25 +0000

The term 'Sociology' was coined by Auguste Comte, a French philosopher, in 1839. Therefore, he is regarded as the father of Sociology. Sociology is the combination of the Latin word 'Societus' meaning 'society' and the Greek word 'logos' meaning 'study or science'. Thus, the etymological meaning of Sociology is the science of society.

Ogburn and Nimkoff define Sociology as "the scientific study of social life" Famous sociologist Emile Durkheim defines Sociology as "the science of social institution." In the view of Alex Inkles "Sociology is the study of systems of social actions and of their interrelations"

Nature of Sociology

Before discussing the nature of Sociology, it is better to know about the nature of a subject. The nature of a subject refers to its internal characteristics which help one to understand what kind of science it is.

Every branch of knowledge has its own nature. Thus, Sociology as a branch of knowledge had its own nature or characteristic which distinguishes it from other social sciences and helps to understand what kind of science it is.

The nature of Sociology is as follows:

(1) Sociology is an independent science:

Sociology is not treated and studied as a branch of any other science like philosophy, history. Now it has emerged into an independent science. As an independent science it has its own field of study.

(2) Sociology is a social science and not a physical science:

All the sciences are divided into two categories: natural sciences and social sciences. Natural sciences study physical phenomena where as social sciences study social phenomena. Social sciences include Economics, Political Science, and Anthropology etc. Sociology belongs to the family of social sciences. As a social science it concentrates its attention on man, his social behaviour, activities and social life. In other words, it studies man as a social being.

(3) Sociology is a pure science and not an applied science:

The aim of applied science is to apply the acquired knowledge into life and to put it to use. But the aim of pure sciences is the acquisition of knowledge and it is not bothered whether the acquired knowledge is useful or can be put to use. Sociology is a pure science, because it aims at the acquisition of knowledge about human society, hot the utilisation of the knowledge.

(4) Sociology is an abstract science and not a concrete science:

This doesn't mean that Sociology, is an art and not a science. It only refers that Sociology is not interested in concrete manifestations of human events. It is more concerned with the form of human events and their patterns. Similarly, Sociology does not confine itself to the study of this society or that particular society. It simply means that Sociology is an abstract science, not a concrete science.

(5) Sociology is a categorical and not a normative discipline:

Sociology "confines itself about what is, not what should be or ought to be." As a science it is silent about questions of value. It does not make any kind of value judgment. It only means Sociology as a discipline cannot deal with problems of good and evil, right and wrong.

Answered: What is meant by ideology of pakistan?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 07:03:11 +0000

The ideology of Pakistan is the systematic body ofg concepts espacially about life or culture. It comes from divine guidence or from great minds. It constitutes a system of human life including theories, objectives and assertions of life. In a society. the individuals should have common ideology.

The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates.

However when they realized that their future in a 'Democratic India' dominated by Hindu majority was not safe, they changed their demand to a separate state. The ideology of Pakistan stemmed from the instinct of the Muslim community of South Asia to maintain their individuality in the Hindu society. The Muslims believed that Islam and Hinduism are not only two religions, but are two social orders that produced two distinct cultures. There is no compatibility between the two. A deep study of the history of this land proves that the differences between Hindus and Muslims are not confined to the struggle for political supremacy but are also manifested in the clash of two social orders. Despite living together for more than one thousand years, they continue to develop different cultures and traditions. Their eating habits, music, architecture and script, all are poles apart. The basis of the Muslim nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or ethnic rather they were a nation because they belonged to the same faith, Islam. They demanded that the areas where they were in majority should be constituted into a sovereign state, wherein they could order their lives in accordance with the teachings of Holy Quran and Sunnah of Holy Prophet (PBUH). Evolution of 'Two Nation Theory' Concept of Muslims as a Nation developed before the establishment of Pakistan. Pakistan was the product of this concept of nationhood rather than Pakistan creating a concept of nationhood. Retrospectively the Muslim nationalism emerged with the advent of Islam that introduced new principles pertinent to every sphere of life. It pledged the redemption of the humankind establishing a benign society based on Qur'anic teachings. The beginning of the Muslim nationalism in the Sub-Continent may be attributed to the first Indian who accepted Islam. The Arab traders had introduced the new religion, Islam, in the Indian coastal areas. Muhammad bin Qasim was the first Muslim invader who conquered some part of India and after that, Mahmud of Ghazna launched 17 attacks and opened the gate to preach Islam. The Muslim sufi (saints) like Ali Hejveri, Miran Hussain Zanjani etc. entered Sub-Continent. They, rejecting the vices in the Indian society, presented the pure practical picture of the teachings of Islam and got huge conversions. Qutub-ud-Din Aibuk permanently established Muslim dynasty in India that followed Sultanate and Mughal dynasties. Thus a strong Muslim community had emerged in India who had its own way of life, traditions, heroes, history and culture. Islam could not be absorbed in Hinduism. Deen-e-Ilahi, Bakhti movements, etc. created reaction amongst the Muslim ulama to preserve the pure Islamic character and save it from external onslaught. Role of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi and others is noteworthy. Equality and social justice inspired conversions to Islam. The British won over the Muslim rulers due to the industrial and scientific developments and modern war strategy. The War of Independence (1857) was a shattering setback to the Indian Muslims who were held responsible for the rebellion by the British. The Muslims were put 1 into the backwardness with the help of Hindus. This was one of the outstanding motivations that paved the way to declare the separate identity of nationalism, the Muslim nationalism. The Muslim scholars sought to reform the teaching of Islamic law and to promote its application in a Muslim society. The prominent name among them is Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) who awakened and guided his community well in time. His educational drive, the Ali-Garh movement, proved to be the best means of social mobility for the Muslim gentry under colonial rule. In 1885 the Indian National Congress was founded to indicate the beginning of the Indian nationalist movement under the British. The Congress worked and helped the British rule. Sir Syed advised the Muslims not to join it because, he thought, the Muslims were not in position to involve into the anti-government activities. It has been argued that Sir Syed's fear of Hindu domination sowed the seeds for the "Two Nations Theory" later espoused by the All-India Muslim League, founded in 1906 and led to its demand for a separate state for the Muslims of India. Sir Syed argued that modern education and non-political activities might be the key to Muslim advancement. The Ali-Garh movement produced educated leadership who could protect the Muslims' rights on the Western political lines. All India Muslim League had been founded in Dhaka to promote loyalty to the British and to protect and advance the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India. Thus the concept of 'separate electorates' was put forward to dawn a new day for the Indian Muslims. The Two-Nation Theory served as the basis of demand for Pakistan by the Muslims in British India. There are two major nations in British India. The Muslims are not a community but a nation with a distinctive history, heritage, culture, civilization, and future aspirations. The Muslims wanted to preserve and protect their distinct identity and advance their interests in India. They wanted to order their lives in accordance with their ideals and philosophy of life without being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority. Initially, they demanded safeguards, constitutional guarantees and a federal system of government with powers to the provinces for protection and advancement of their heritage, identity and interests. Later, they demanded a separate state when neither the British nor the Hindu majority community was willing to offer those guarantees and safeguards. Hindi-Urdu Controversy Hindu revivalist movements turned more against the Muslims. Hindu nationalism was rival to the Muslim nationalism. The Indian nationalism forced Muslims to organize themselves politically to defend their interests effectively. After 1857, Hindi-Urdu Controversy was the major assault by the Hindus on Muslim heritage and legacy of the great Muslim Empire. Hindus were biased against Urdu as it was the Muslims' language. They demanded Hindi as the official language replacing Urdu. There were demonstrations against Urdu by the Hindus in Banaras in 1867. It was the start of the Hindi-Urdu controversy. On the very issue, Sir Syed foretold about the unstable future of Hindu-Muslim unity. Hindus struggled vigorously to replace Urdu by Hindi in the offices. This enhanced the importance of the sense of Muslim separatism. The Muslim nationalism is manifested with the sublime principles to implement like: 1. Rule of Law, socio-economic justice, equity and fair play. 2. Equality of opportunity to all citizens irrespective of caste, sect, religion or region. 3. Religious and Cultural tolerance. 4. Respect for human dignity and rights. 5. Protection of the rights and interests of non-Muslims and freedom to practice their beliefs and religions. These principles are enshrined in the constitutions. We ought to work towards realization of these goals in reality and create institutions and processes that reflect these principles and values.

Answered: From where the remains of ancient civilizations were found in Pakistan?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 06:59:11 +0000

The Indus civilization encompassed more than 680,000 square kilometers, from western India to northern Afghanistan, double the area of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia combined. Although the civilization had some of the earliest writing, several factors have kept clues about the ancient Indus people buried underground and under the Indus River.

The ancient cities of Harappa and Moenjodaro, hours south of Islamabad by land, were the two largest centers of the Indus civilization.

Unkown factors

Indus artifacts like these shed light on daily life here more than 4000 years ago. But much is still unknown about the Indus people's communication, religion and political organization.

Fahrat Gul, head of UNESCO's head of culture for Pakistan, says the area is remote and that has hindered work there.

"It's rather inaccessible. Even we don't have daily flights to Moenjodaro," she notes. "You have to come either via Karrachi or via Sakkur. And then the airport in itself is not a proper airport, a very very small one."

Earliest writing

Indus artifacts contain some of the earliest writing in the world. This fragment of script is at least 4,400 years old.

But there are so few writing samples that the ancient language cannot be deciphered.

Archaeologists say the most striking thing about the sites is the Indus civilization's city planning. They had wells and drainage systems. They had streets made at right angles. Even the bricks used in Harappa were the same size and weight as those used hundreds of kilometers away in Moenjodaro.

Security problems

The security situation in Pakistan has also hindered archeologists and preservationists at the sites.

"It has restricted our mobility," says Gul. "Especially our monitoring missions have been restricted. We cannot go to these places to monitor the progress of our projects, which does have an effect."

While millions of foreign tourists travel to Egypt every year for its museums and ancient monuments, at most a thousand foreign visitors come to Harappa every year.

Answered: How were the groups of provinces formed in the cabinet mission?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 06:55:49 +0000

The Cabinet Mission to India was consisted of the Secretary of state Pethick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and the President of the Board of Trade and A.V. Alexander, First lord of the Admiralty.

They arrived on 24th of March and held extensive discussions during April with virtually all major leaders of the country.

The Cabinet Mission was to seek an agreement, on the constitutional issue with the Indian political leaders. In the election of 1945-46 Muslim League had own most of the Muslim seats in the Central Assembly and the Provincial Legislatures.

The Congress owns the general seats. Only in the North-West Frontier Province the pro-Congress elements led by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan won majority of the Muslim seats. The Congress formed Ministry in all Provinces except Bengal and Sind. In the Punjab a coalition Ministry was formed by the Congress, the Akali Sikhs and Unionist Hindus and Muslims. The political situation thus in India remained complicated. The Cabinet Mission failed to reach an agreed settlement on the Constitutional issue.

The League and Jinnah however stood firm in its demand for Pakistan while the Congress vigorously opposed the two nation theory. Jinnah even opposed the formation of Pakistan consisting of the areas demanded by him earlier if it was to be a separate federation of the Indian Union. In the absence of any unanimous solution the Cabinet Mission announced its own recommendation on 16th May 1946.

The main provisions of the recommendation were:

(1) The whole of India including the Princely States should form a Federation.

(2) The Central Government should be in charge of foreign affairs, defence and communication.

Answered: Why the stability of prices is important in economic planning?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 06:48:00 +0000

Price stability implies avoiding both prolonged inflation and deflation.

Inflation is a rise in the in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a longer period of time resulting in a decline in the value of money and purchasing power. Deflation is a decrease in the general price level of goods and services over a longer period of time. Too rapid inflation is negative for many reasons: it complicates the economic decision-making process and slows economic growth. In addition, inflation diminishes the value of savings. Deflation is accompanied by the threat of a slowdown in economic growth, because the general level of prices declines, and thus, people postpone consumption and companies postpone investment. There may emerge an inflationary gap which is very difficult to overcome. The real value of loans that are not repaid increases, which means that borrowers run into difficulty, and loan losses pose a threat to financial institutions as well. Often, enterprises find it hard to lower wages, even if the price of their output declines. This causes an increase in unemployment and in the number of bankruptcies.

Price stability contributes to achieving high levels of economic activity and employment by

improving the transparency of the price mechanism. Under price stability people can recognise changes in relative prices (i.e. prices between different goods), without being confused by changes in the overall price level. This allows them to make well-informed consumption and investment decisions and to allocate resources more efficiently;

reducing inflation risk premia in interest rates (i.e. compensation creditors ask for the risks associated with holding nominal assets). This reduces real interest rates and increases incentives to invest;

avoiding unproductive activities to hedge against the negative impact of inflation or deflation;

reducing distortions of inflation or deflation, which can exacerbate the distortionary impact on economic behaviour of tax and social security systems;

preventing an arbitrary redistribution of wealth and income as a result of unexpected inflation or deflation.

Quantitative definition of price stability

In 1998, the ECB Governing Council formulated the quantitative definition of price stability: "Price stability is a year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area of below 2%. Price stability must be maintained over a medium-term perspective." In addition, in May 2003 the Governing Council also clarified that, in the pursuit of price stability, it aims to maintain inflation rates "below, but close to, 2% over the medium term".

Write a note on the nuclear explosion carried out by Pakistan?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 06:44:27 +0000

Write a note on the nuclear explosion carried out by Pakistan?

Answered: What are the causes of economic instability?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 06:42:15 +0000

Readers Question: Undertake an evaluation of the causes of economic instability and the role, if any, that the government can play in reducing economic instability by constraining their discretion in policy making.

Economic instability can include a volatile inflation rate and volatile rate of economic growth. It can involve higher unemployment and uncertainty about the economic cycle.

1. Changes in house prices

If house prices increase faster than inflation, this creates a wealth effect and improved consumer confidence, therefore spending and AD increase. A fall in house prices, however, would cause the opposite effect. E.g. when house prices fell 15% in 1992, the UK entered a recession, with negative growth of 2%. Falling house prices in 2006-08 were a major factor behind the economic instability of 2007-08. Falling house prices caused a negative wealth effect but also falling house prices led to bank losses.

2. Fluctuations in Stock Markets

A big fall in stock markets can trigger falls in consumer confidence and lead to a recession. The Wall Street crash of 1929 was a primary cause of the great depression. However, the stock market crash of 1987 did not cause an economic downturn. In fact, in the UK it was followed by an unprecedented economic boom. This was partly due to the way the government responded by cutting income tax and cutting interest rates.

3. Global Credit Markets

The subprime mortgage problems in the US caused many firms to go insolvent. This cause a big fall in confidence in lending money. This shortage of credit led to a shortage of credit. This caused the problems of northern rock and reduced consumer confidence. See: credit crisis

4. Changes in Interest Rates

Interest rates are used as a tool in controlling inflation. However, they can also have an impact on consumer spending. Sometimes interest rates may have little impact; however, if they coincide with other factors they can cause a much bigger than expected fall in consumer spending. For example, in the UK, many homeowners have a variable mortgage. Therefore a small change in interest rates can have a big effect on disposable income. If an increase in interest rates was combined with another factor such as the slowing down of house price growth it may cause a big fall in spending.

Note, interest rates can have a delayed effect. E.g. the effect of interest rate increases last year may continue to affect consumer spending for up to 18 months

Answered: Give types pf legal rights.

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 06:38:02 +0000

Legal rights are, clearly, rights which exist under the rules of legal systems or by virtue of decisions of suitably authoritative bodies within them. They raise a number of different philosophical issues. (1) Whether legal rights are conceptually related to other types of rights, principally moral rights; (2) What the analysis of the concept of a legal right is; (3) What kinds of entities can be legal right-holders; (4) Whether there any kinds of rights which are exclusive to, or at least have much greater importance in, legal systems, as opposed to morality; (5) What rights legal systems ought to create or recognise. Issue (5) is primarily one of moral and political philosophy, and is not different in general principle from the issue of what duties, permissions, powers, etc, legal systems ought to create or recognise. It will not, therefore, be addressed here.

A preliminary point should be mentioned. Do all legal systems have a concept of rights? Their use is pervasive in modern legal systems. We talk of legislatures having the legal right to pass laws, of judges to decide cases, of private individuals to make wills and contracts; as well as of constitutions providing legal rights to the citizens against fellow citizens and against the state itself. Yet it has been suggested that even some sophisticated earlier systems, such as Roman law, had no terminology which clearly separated rights from duties (see Maine (1861), 269–70 ). The question is primarily one for legal historians and will not be pursued here, but it may be remarked that it may still be legitimate when describing those systems to talk of rights in the modern sense, since Roman law, for example, clearly achieved many of the same results as contemporary systems. Presumably, it did so by deploying some of the more basic concepts into which rights can, arguably, be analysed.

Answered: According to tourism what type of country in Pakistan?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 06:34:10 +0000

Tourism in Pakistan is a growing industry. In 2010, Lonely Planet termed Pakistan as being "...tourism's ‘next big thing’ for more years than we care to remember. [But] world media headlines [always] send things off the rails".[4] In 2018, the British Backpacker Society ranked Pakistan as the world's top adventure travel destination, describing the country as "one of the friendliest countries on earth, with mountain scenery that is beyond anyone’s wildest imagination."[5] The country is geographically and ethnically diverse, and has a number of historical and cultural heritage sites. According to the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017 released by the World Economic Forum, the direct contribution of travel and tourism to Pakistan's GDP in 2015 was US$328.3 million, constituting 2.8% of the total GDP.[6] According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, the direct contribution of travel and tourism to Pakistan's GDP in 2016 was US$7.6 billion (PKR 793.0 billion), constituting 2.7% of the total GDP.[7] By 2025, the government predicts tourism will contribute ₨1 trillion (US$9.5 billion) to the Pakistani economy

In October 2006, one year after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, The Guardian released what it described as "the top five tourist sites in Pakistan" to help the country's tourism industry.[9] The sites included Lahore, the Karakoram Highway, Karimabad and Lake Saiful Muluk. To promote the country's unique cultural heritage, Pakistan launched the "Visit Pakistan" marketing campaign in 2007. This campaign involved events throughout the year including fairs and religious festivals, regional sporting events, arts and craft shows, folk festivals and openings of historical museums.[10] In 2009, The World Economic Forum's Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report ranked Pakistan as one of the top 25% tourist destinations for its World Heritage sites. It ranged from mangroves in the south, to the 5,000-year-old cities of the Indus Valley Civilization which included Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.The main destinations of choice for tourists to Pakistan are the Swat, Lahore, Khyber Pass, Peshawar, Karachi and Rawalpindi

In 2016, foreign tourists visiting Pakistan stood at 965,498.[13] Pakistan's tourism industry attracted an estimated of 1.1 million foreign tourists annually in 2011 and 966,000 in 2012 contributing $351 million and $369 million respectively.[14] Before declining to 565,212 in 2013 which contributed only $298 million, in 2014, Pakistan received 530,000 foreign tourists contributing $308 million.[15] By comparison, Pakistan's domestic tourism industry is estimated at 50 million tourists who travel in the country on short trips usually between May to August.[15] The largest tourism inflow in 2010 was from United Kingdom, followed by United States, India and China

Answered: Write any two points of 3June 1947 plan.

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 06:31:30 +0000

The British government finally decided to divide the country into two separates states after all the efforts of keeping Hindus and Muslims together in a single state went in vain. Lord Ismay, the Chief of Staff of Lord Mountbatten, was asked to frame the partition plan of India. Though the plan was deliberately kept secret from the Indians yet Nehru grabbed the chance of seeing the plan before it was put before the Indians. The British Government approved the Plan and sent it to India in May 1947.

The plan announced on 3 June 1947 suggested these points:

The British Government would divide India into two separate states.

Dominion status would be given to the successor governments of the two states.

A Boundary Commission would be appointed to demarcate the boundaries if any of the communal group decides in favor of dividing the province of Punjab and Bengal.

The Sindh Legislative Assembly would be authorized to opt out whether it desires to join the current Constituent Assembly or the New Constituent Assembly.

A Referendum would be conducted in the North West Frontier Province to know the public opinion on the question of joining the new state of Pakistan. The Electoral College for the Referendum would be the same as it was for in 1946.

Baluchistan would be granted freedom of choice.

A referendum would be conducted in Sylhet to take the decision whether it wants to join East Bengal or stay as a part of Asam.

3rd June Plan materialized the dream of Iqbal of a separate state for the Muslim of the Sub-Continent and bestowed them with Muslim state of Pakistan on August 14, 1947. The Muslim League, therefore, hailed the Plan.

According to the Plan, the British Government transferred the Power to the governments of the two New States of Pakistan and India.

Answered: What is meant by "moral rights"?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 06:28:02 +0000

Moral rights are rights of creators of copyrighted works generally recognized in civil law jurisdictions and, to a lesser extent, in some common law jurisdictions. They include the right of attribution, the right to have a work published anonymously or pseudonymously, and the right to the integrity of the work.[1] The preserving of the integrity of the work allows the author to object to alteration, distortion, or mutilation of the work that is "prejudicial to the author's honor or reputation".[2] Anything else that may detract from the artist's relationship with the work even after it leaves the artist's possession or ownership may bring these moral rights into play. Moral rights are distinct from any economic rights tied to copyrights. Even if an artist has assigned his or her copyright rights to a work to a third party, he or she still maintains the moral rights to the work.[3]

Moral rights were first recognized in France and Germany,[4] before they were included in the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 1928.[5]:37 Canada recognizes moral rights (droits moraux) in its Copyright Act (Loi sur le droit d'auteur).[6] The United States became a signatory to the convention in 1989,and incorporated a version of moral rights under its copyright law under Title 17 of the U.S. Code.

Some jurisdictions allow for the waiver of moral rights.[5]:44-45 In the United States, the Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 (VARA) recognizes moral rights, but applies only to a narrow subset of works of visual art.[8]

Some jurisdictions like Austria differentiate between narrow and wide moral rights. Whilst the former is about integrity of the work, the latter limits usages, which may harm the author's integrity. Some copyright timestamp services allow an author to publish allowed and disallowed usage intentions to prevent a violation of such wider moral rights.

Berne Convention

Through the Rome Revision of the Berne Convention in 1928, the Berne Convention accepted two forms of moral rights; paternity and integrity. These rights are included in Article 6bis of the Berne Convention as follows:

Independent of the author's economic rights, and even after the transfer of the said rights, the author shall have the right to claim authorship of the work and to object to any distortion, modification of, or other derogatory action in relation to the said work, which would be prejudicial to the author's honor or reputation.

Answered: Write down any two points of Quaid-e-Azam presidential address in Pakistan resolution.

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 06:24:54 +0000

The British had been compelled to recognize the Muslim League as the sole representative of the Muslims of India by 1940 and Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah as its undisputed leader.

Time and Tide of London published an article by Jinnah on January 19, 1940 under the caption "The Constitutional Future of India". He maintained: "Democratic systems based on the concept of a homogeneous nation such as England are very definitely not applicable to heterogeneous countries such as India." He called the Hindus and the Muslims "two different nations" with different religions and different social codes. It is obvious that by calling the Hindus and the Muslims two nations, Jinnah had reached the threshold of partition, but he was still reluctant to abandon his lifelong dream that Hindus and the Muslims would come to an understandingand in unison make "their common motherland " one of "the great countries of the world".

The Quaid-i-Azam crossed the barrier at the Lahore session of the Muslim League in March 1940. He traveled to Lahore from Delhi in a colorfully decorated train on which green flags were mounted, bearing the emblem of the Muslim League: the crescent and star.

Jinnah decided to address a public gathering on the opening day. It was a huge gathering of the Leaguers, the Khaksars and the Muslims at Minto Park (now Iqbal Park). Jinnah had expounded the rationale of the resolution in his presidential address that lasted for hundred minutes and frequently punctuated by thunderous applause. Though, most of his audience of over 100,000 did not know English, he held their attention and visibly touched their emotion. He asserted that the Muslims were "a nation by any definition". In his historical address he laid the foundation of a separate state for the Muslims of India:

Answered: On whom district government is comprised?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 06:18:49 +0000

Though there is no authentic history of Sheikhpura scripted in any book or records but according to knowledge collected from various sources history of Sheikhpura dates back to the age of Mahabharata. It is believed that in the Mahabharata age a demon girl Hidimba lived on the hillocks situated on its Eastern stretch with whom one Pandava brother Bhima married and gave birth to a heroic son ‘Ghatotkach’. Later on this hill was called ‘Girihinda’ after the name of Hindimba or Hidimba. Girihinda village is still situated over there.

History of Sheikhpura

According to one belief about six hundred years ago a great suphie saint ‘Hazarat Makhdum Shah Shoeb Rahamatullah Aleh’ had founded the city of Sheikhpura. He settled over here and the dense forests were cleaned and people started settling over here. Later on it became densely populated.

During the Pallava reign also Sheikhpura was one of the chief administrative centres. It is believed that the famous Afghan ruler Sher Shah Suri had got the famous ‘Dal Kuan’ constructed over here. Till now ‘Dal Kuan’ and Sheikhpura is believed to be synonymous with each other.

During the mughal period, Sheikhpura got the status of Thana. In the British period Sheikhpura was accorded the status of Big Kotwali and after independence it was given the status of Block. On 14th April 1983 Sheikhpura became a Subdivision and on 31st July 1994 it was upgraded to District status.

Location : Sheikhpura is a new district carved out of Munger district on 31-07-1994. District Head Quarter Sheikhpura is situated at North side of Gaya-Kuel Rail line. This district lies in the southern part of Bihar that is bounded by Nalanda & Patna district in North, Nawada & Jamui district in South, Lakhisarai district in East and Nalanda & Nawada district in West. The district spanning in 77705 hectares is situated between North latitudes 24º45′ and 25º and East longitude 85º45′ and 86º45′.

Topography :Topographically district has two types of region – the rocky highland formed by hilly portion in centre, surrounded by fertile land in North, South, East and West. The land is sloping towards North Eastern side. Because of the low lying area in some parts of the North Eastern side, the water gets accumulated during rainy season leading to water-logged conditions. This area is geographically known as Tal area.

Climate:The district has hot summers & moderate winters. Summers start from middle of March and lasts till July. The monsoon usually breaks in the second half of June and lasts till September.

Annual Rainfall Stastistics :

District – 1207mm

Block :

Ariari – 943mm

Barbigha – 1052mm

Sheikhpura – 930mm

Soil:The district has rich alluvial soil composed of sand, silt and clay in most parts of district. The soil is most fertile and suitable for agriculture. The alkaline and saline deposits are rarely found.

Rivers:There are no big rivers of perennial nature worth to be mentioned in this district. Of course there are some small rivers which flow during rainy season viz Somi, Korihari, Tati, Kachchi & Rijown.

Sheikhpura district is one of the thirty eight districts of Bihar state, India, and Sheikhpura town is the administrative headquarters of this district. Sheikhpura district is a part of Munger Division. Sheikhpura was separated from Munger District and was made a separate district with headquarters at Sheikhpura on 31 July 1994. Sheikhpura district has given many veteran leaders to the nation like the first chief minister of Bihar, Shri Krishna Singh, Sukhdev Prasad Singh, Member of Parliyament Rajo Singh etc. The main role in the formation of this district was of Rajo Singh.

Answered: How marriage rituals are offered in Pakistan?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 06:09:51 +0000

Marriage in Pakistan pertains to wedding traditions established and adhered by Pakistani men and women. Despite their local and regional variations, marriages in Pakistan generally follow Islamic marital jurisprudence.[1][2] Culturally, marriages are not only seen as a union between a husband and a wife, but also an alliance between their respective families.[3] These traditions extend to other countries around in the world where Overseas Pakistani communities exist.[

Searching for a potential groom or bride Is the first step of traditional Pakistani marriages. Beyond age 20, both men and women are considered potential grooms and brides. Most marriages in Pakistan are traditional arranged marriages, semi-arranged marriages or love marriages. Normally the searching starts as soon the girl steps into her twenties.

Arranged marriage occurs when a member of the family, a close friend or a third person party help bring two supposedly compatible people together in matrimony. The groom and bride have usually never met before, and any interaction between them is akin to small talk with a stranger. This form of marriage is considered traditional, but is losing popularity among the newer generations.

Semi-arranged marriage is a growing trend where both men and women interact with one another before marriage (a form of dating). Both the man and woman have usually had several “meet and greet” opportunities, thereby allowing both to gain a sense of familiarity.[6] This process can occur over a span of a few months to a few years and may or may not culminate in marriage. However, if both agree upon marriage, the potential groom will approach his family to send a proposal to the family of the potential bride.[7]

Love marriages (also known as court marriages) are rare, since the concept of "family consent" has been eliminated. Such “free-will” challenges traditional mindsets as it "dishonours" the powerful institution in Pakistani society - the family. Without family consent, marriages are usually frowned upon.[8]

Proposal

Once a decision has been made by either the man or woman or both, one or more representatives of the potential groom’s family pay a visit to the potential bride's family. In arranged marriages, the first visit is purely for the parties to become acquainted with one another and does not include a formal proposal. Following the first visit, both the man and woman have their say in whether or not they would like a follow up to this visit. Once both parties are in agreement, a proposal party (شادی کا پیام‬) is held at the bride's home, where the groom's parents and family elders formally ask the bride's parents for her hand in marriage. In semi-arranged marriages, the first or second visit may include a formal proposal, since both the man and woman have already agreed to marriage prior - the proposal is more or less a formality. In love marriages, the man directly proposes to the woman. Once the wedding proposal is accepted, beverages and refreshments are served. Depending on individual family traditions, the bride-to-be may also be presented with an gifts such as jewelry and a variety of gifts. Some religious families may also recite Surah Al-Fatihah.

Answered: what sort of development work was done in the third period of Kashmiri language?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 06:02:35 +0000

Kashmiri is a unique language in the Indian lDr. Shashi Shekhar Toshkhaniinguistic context. It is analytic like the modern Indian languages of Sanskritic stock and synthetic like the Old Indo-Aryan itself, possessing characteristics of both and at the same time having peculiarities of its own many of which are yet to be fully explored. Linguistically, its importance can hardly be overlooked because, as Siddheshwar Verma has observed, it reveals linguistic strata of various ages-"Vedic, Buddhist Sanskrit, Pali, Kharoshthi Prakrit"1. George Buhler's view that it is of the greatest importance in the study of a comparative grammar of Indo-Aryan languages2 only stresses the obvious for preserving old word-forms and also revealing how new forms took shape from old bases, Kashmiri does seem to hold the key to understanding the processes through which these languages have passed in their development before assuming their present forms.

Grierson too appears to endorse the same point when he says that a study of the Kashmiri language is "an essential preliminary to any inquiry" regarding the "mutual relations of the modern Aryan vernaculars of India"3.

Vedic Origin

There exists a very strong evidence to support the claim that Kashmiri has descended from the Vedic speech or, as pointed out by Buhler, from "one of the dialects of which the classifical Sanskrit was formed"4. References are replete in Rig Vedic hymns to rivers and mountains which have been identified by scholars like Zimmer with definite places in Kashmir, indicating that the region was a part of the Vedic Aryan world - at least in the geographical sense. Linguistically too this fact is strongly corroborated by the presence of a large number of lexical and phonetic elements in Kashmiri that can be directly traced to Vedic sources. These include several words most commonly used in everyday speech in Kashmiri. For example, we have the Kashmiri word yodvay meaning if, what if, yet, still, nonetheless. This appears in almost the same form in the Vedic word yaduvay 5, the corresponding word for it in Sanskrit and Hindi being yadi. Similarly, the word basti, which in Kashmiri means skin, hide, bellows, is hardly different from the Vedic basti meaning goat or bastajin meaning goatskin. The Vedic word sin occurs as syun in Kashmiri meaning "a cooked vegetable", while the Vedic san appears in Kashmiri as son meaning deep. Again, the word vay which means grains in Vedic is used in Kashmiri in the same sense. From the Vedic root taksh comes the Kashmiri word tachch (to scratch, to peel, to plane, to scrape) and its derivative chchan (carpenter, Skt Ksh invariably changing to chch in Kashmiri). Several Kashmiri words have evolved from Vedic through intermediary Pali or Prakrit forms. For instance, Ksh. atsun (to enter), Pali accheti, Vedic atyeti. Similarly Vedic prastar, from which the Hindi word patthar (stone) is derived, changes through the intermediary Prakrit form pattharo to pathar or pathur in Kashmiri retaining the original sense of "on the ground" or "floor". These are but a few of the numerous examples that show how Kashmiri has preserved phonetic, semantic and even morphological elements of the Vedic speech.

It is perhaps on the basis of such overwhelming evidence that eminent inguists like Jules Bloch, Turner, Morgenstierne, Emeneau, Siddheshwar Verma and several other scholars have pointed to the Vedic origin of Kashmiri, arriving at their conclusions after intensive research on the actual traits of the language.

Answered: Explain the fifth period of Kashmiri language.

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 05:59:59 +0000

Kashmir’s geographical location partly explains is cultural history. It may be that its
natural beauty and temperate climate are the reasons that Kashmiris have a strong
tradition in the arts, literature, painting, drama, and dance. Its relative isolation, the
security provided by the ring of mountains around it, and its distance from the heartland
of Indian culture in the plains of North India, might explain the originality of Kashmiri
thought. Its climate and the long winters may explain the Kashmiri fascination for
philosophical speculation.
Kashmir is at the centre of the Puranic geography. In the Puranic conception, the earth's
continents are arranged in the form of a lotus flower. Mt. Meru stands at the center of the
world, the pericarp or seed-vessel of the flower, as it were, surrounded by circular ranges
of mountains. Around Mt. Meru, like the petals of the lotus, are arranged four islandcontinents (dvipas), aligned to the four points of the compass: Uttarakuru to the north,
Ketumala to the west, Bhadrashva to the east, and Bharata or Jambudvipa to the south.
The meeting point of the continents is the Meru mountain, which is the high Himalayan
region around Kashmir, Uttarakuru represents Central Asia including Tocharia, Ketumala
is Iran and lands beyond, Bhadrashva is China and the Far East. Kashmir’s centrality in
this scheme was a recognition that it was a meeting ground for trade and ideas for the
four main parts of the Old World. In fact it became more than a meeting ground, it was
the land where an attempt was made to reconcile opposites by deeper analysis and bold
conception.
Kashmir’s nearness to rich trade routes brought it considerable wealth and emboldened
Kashmirs to take Sanskrit culture out of the country as missionaries. Kashmiris also
became interpreters of the Indian civilization and they authored many fundamental
synthesizing and expository works. Some of these works are anonymous encyclopaedias,

Answered: How does the Majlis-e-Shurah bring about amendment in constitution?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 05:55:52 +0000

Amending the United States Constitution is no small task. This page will detail the amendment procedure as spelled out in the Constitution, and will also list some of the Amendments that have not been passed, as well as give a list of some amendments proposed in Congress during several of the past sessions.

Answered: Write down the names of any three building of India

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 05:52:56 +0000

Indian monuments are popular worldwide for its beauty. The monuments are the standing examples of stretching the horizon of human imagination and thoughts. The kings and emperors who ruled India had their own way of expressing their ideas in bricks, marble, stone and mortars. These monuments are centuries old and have been examples of philosophies in the world. There are few famous monuments that are damaged during wars between kingdoms and foreign invasion. Visiting these places today tells you a lot of history and the culture in the bygone age.

Answered: Write the background of Punjabi Language.

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 05:48:07 +0000

The Punjabi language, also spelled Panjabi, boasts a rich literary history that is still celebrated by the Punjabi-language community today.

Traditional oral poetry and Punjabi folklore has been passed down and transcribed for generations and remains a popular part of Punjabi folk culture. This rich cultural history, combined with the Punjab territory’s past of British colonialism, makes the development of the language an intriguing point of study.

Classification and Early History of the Punjabi Language

Punjabi is classified as a member of the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European family of languages. All languages within the Indo-Aryan family developed in three major stages: Old Indo-Aryan or Sanskrit; Middle Indo-Aryan, consisting of Prakrit and Apabhramsha stages; and New Indo-Aryan, which dates from circa the 10th century CE.

The Punjabi language is a descendent of the Sauraseni Prakrit, a language of medieval northern India. It believed to have developed as a distinct language from the Shauraseni Apabhramsha language around the 11th century. Other early influences on Punjabi include Indo-Aryan and pre-Indo-Aryan languages.

Characteristics of the Punjabi Language

Modern Punjabi is a very tonal language, making use of various tones to differentiate words that would otherwise be identical. Three primary tones can be identified: high-rising-falling, mid-rising-falling, and low rising.

By using these tones properly, Punjabi language speakers are able to differentiate between words that otherwise appear to be the exact same as one another. Needless to say, for those who attempt to learn Punjabi as a second language, grasping the importance of and mastering the different tones can be extremely challenging.

Written Punjabi Language

The Punjabi language is written in a variety of scripts. The two most common are the Perso-Arabic script and a script based on the Gurmukhi alphabet. Developed by a Sikh, Guru Angad, the Gurmukhi alphabet was initially developed for use in writing scriptures during the 16th century.

Less commonly, Punjabi is also written using the Devanagari script.

History of the Punjab Territory

Today the Punjabi language is found primarily in the Punjab State of India and Punjab Province of Pakistan. These two areas were formerly united as part of the Punjab Territory under British colonial rule in India. “British India” was much larger than the country we know as India today and included present-day India as well as areas of modern Pakistan.

With the partition of British India in 1947, the nation of Pakistan was formed distinct from India, and the formerly united British Punjab Territory was divided between the two countries. Today, more than 100 million Punjab speakers can be found in the area that once formed Punjab territory. Interestingly, the name Punjab literally translates into “five waters” in the Persian language and is thought to refer to the five major rivers found in the formerly-united Punjab territory.

Answered: What is meant by provincialism and racialism?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 05:43:06 +0000

Racialism is the belief that the human species is naturally divided into races, that are ostensibly distinct biological categories. Most dictionaries define the term racialism as synonymous with racism

Definitions and differences

In 1903, W. E. B. Du Bois said that racialism is the philosophical position that races existed, and that collective differences existed among such categories, the races.[citation needed] He further stated that racism required advancing the argument that one race is superior to other races of human beings. In In My Father’s House (1992), Kwame Anthony Appiah summarized Du Bois's philosophical stance that racialism is value-neutral term and that racism is a value-charged term.

Today, some anthropologists and geneticists point to studies that suggest racialist beliefs are both compatible and incompatible with modern population genetics.[clarification needed][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

According to Oxford Dictionaries Online, racialism is "another term for racism".[9] The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines racialism as "a theory that race determines human traits and capacities" and defines "racism" as "a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race".

Identity politics

Richard T. Ford claimed that although "there is no necessary correspondence between the ascribed identity of race and one's culture or personal sense of self" and "group difference is not intrinsic to members of social groups but rather contingent o[n] the social practices of group identification", the social practices of identity politics may coerce individuals into the "compulsory" enactment of "prewritten racial scripts".[11]

According to Yasuko Takezawa, there needs to be anticipation of various potential social and ethical problems associated with population descriptors when studying the genetic differences between populations

Answered: What is equator?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 05:39:13 +0000

The equator is an imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. Its length is about 24,901.5 miles (40,075 kilometers). The line crosses the continents of South America and Africa, as well as a number of islands, and runs through 14 countries, including Ecuador, Columbia, Brazil, Gabon, São Tomé and Príncipe, Congo, Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, and Indonesia. The location of this imaginary line is indicated in many areas, making it possible to stand with a foot in each hemisphere. The geographical areas surrounding it are known as the equatorial regions, and they have a particular type of climate.

Latitude and Longitude

The location of any point on the Earth can be defined by its latitude and longitude, given in degrees (°). Lines of longitude all run from pole to pole, and they are all roughly the same length but are not parallel, as they converge towards the poles. Lines of latitude run at right angles to the longitude lines and are parallel, but they diminish in length towards the poles. The equator is at 0° latitude and is the longest such line, representing the circumference of the Earth. When a latitude for a location not on the equator is given, it is necessary to specify whether it is north or south of this line.

Day Length and Seasons

Due to the fact that the Earth wobbles slightly on its axis through the year, the higher latitudes experience summer and winter seasons, as well as variations in day length. At the equator, however, the effects of this wobbling are minimal. As a result, the region experiences 12 hours of daylight throughout the year and does not have clearly defined seasons, at least in terms of temperature.

Climate

The equatorial regions receive more heat from the Sun than any other area of the Earth’s surface, and heating of the atmosphere in these regions drives the world’s climate system. Warm air, which also contains a lot of moisture from the ocean, rises near the equator, flows outwards at high altitude, and descends again at mid latitudes, having lost most of its moisture. For this reason, the areas near the equator tend to be both warm and wet, while most of the world’s deserts lie within the mid latitudes.

Average daily maximum temperatures are typically about 80 to 90°F (27 - 32°C), but this is affected by altitude, with higher areas being cooler. Annual rainfall generally varies from about 98 inches (249 cm) to about 138 inches (350 cm). There is normally not a great deal of variation in temperature through the year, but rainfall often has a seasonal aspect, as it is affected by ocean currents and factors beyond the region. The rainy and dry seasons vary from place to place, with some areas experiencing high to very high rainfall all year round, and others having distinct relatively dry periods. The high temperatures and abundant moisture found in most equatorial areas have led to the growth of rainforests with a great diversity of plant and animal life.

Interesting Facts

The length of the equator has been measured very accurately by geographers and surveyors. According to a 2000 survey, to within 0.04 inches (1 mm) of accuracy, it is 131,479,775 feet 6.92 inches (40,075,035.535 m). Since the Earth bulges slightly around the middle, the equator is slightly longer than an imaginary circle drawn between the poles. If the heights of mountains are measured in terms of distance from the Earth’s center, instead of the more traditional height above sea level, the worlds’ highest mountain is not Everest, but Chimborazo in Ecuador, whose summit is further from the center of the Earth than that of any other mountain, due to its very low latitude.

Answered: Write the accents of Punjabi language.

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 05:36:57 +0000

Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language. It is the native language of about 130 million people, and is the 10th most spoken language in the world. Most of the people who speak this language live in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India. It is also widely spoken in Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Delhi. It is natively spoken by the majority of the population of Pakistan.[5]

Punjabi developed from the ancient language of Sanskrit just like many other modern Indo-Aryan languages. Punjabi is unusual among this group for being a tonal language.[6][7][8][9]

Punjabi is written in two different scripts, called Gurmukhī and Shahmukhī. Punjabi is the main language spoken by the Sikhs.[10] Most parts of the Guru Granth Sahib use the Punjabi language written in Gurmukhī, though Punjabi is not the only language used in Sikh scriptures. The Janamsakhis, stories on the life and legend of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), are early examples of Punjabi literature.

Dialects

Punjabi has many dialects. The dialects are similar enough to each other that speakers can understand most of the dialects that are related to theirs. In India, the main dialects of Punjabi are: Majhi, Doabi, Malwi and Pwadhi. In Pakistan, the main dialects are Majhi, "Shahpuri", "Jhangvi", "Dhanni", Pothohari and Hindko.[11]

Majhi is Punjabi's standard dialect because it forms the standard for writing in Punjabi. It is spoken in the centre of Punjab, including the districts of Lahore, Sheikhupura, Kasur, Okara, Nankana Sahib, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Narowal, Gujrat, Pakpattan, Hafizabad and Mandi Bahauddin. In India it is spoken in Amritsar, Tarn Taran Sahib and Gurdaspur districts.

Other dialects of Punjabi include Pahari, Rachnavi, Chenavari, Chhachi, Jandali, Ghebi. The Saraiki, spoken in southern Punjab, and Dogri, spoken in Kashmir, are closely related to Punjabi. The relation of several dialects to languages other than Punjabi creates problems in assigning them to one or another "language"

Distribution

Over 93% of people who speak Punjabi as their first language live in Pakistan and India. It is the most widely spoken native language in Pakistan. It is spoken as a first language by over 44% of Pakistanis. There were 76 million Punjabi speakers in Pakistan in 2008.[15] In India, Punjabi is spoken as a native language by 3% of the population. This was about 33 million in 2011.[16] It is the official language of the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana

Answered: Write three Islamic provisions of second report of Basic principles committee.

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 05:31:18 +0000

INTRODUCTION

On 7th April,1972 the national assembly of Pakistan appointed a committee to prepare a draft of the permanent constitution of Pakistan.A bill to provide a constitution was introduced by the committee in the Assembly on February 2,1973.The Assembly passed the bill on 19th April,1973 and at last the constitution came into force on 14th August 1973.

The present constitution (1973) provides for the protection and preservation of Islamic Concept of life.It also attempts to propagate and implement the basic teachings of Islam.

ISLAMIC PROVISIONS OF 1973 CONSTITUTION

The following are the Islamic provisions of 1973 constitution based on the principles of Holy Quran and Sunnah.

1.Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Pakistan shall be known as "Islamic Republic of Pakistan".

2.State Religion

Islam shall be the state religion of Pakistan.

3.Sovereignty Belongs to Allah

Sovereignty over the entire Universe belongs to Almighty Allah and the authority bestowed by him on men is a sacred trust which the people of Pakistan will exercise with the limits prescribed by Quran and Sunnah.

4.Definition of a Muslim

The constitution also gives the definition of a Muslim.A person who believes in Tauheed or Oneness of Allah,and in the prophet hood of Hazrat Mohammad (P.B.U.H) as the last prophet of Allah has described as aMuslim.

5.A Muslim to be a President and Prime Minister

The constitution laid down that only Muslims shall be elected president and Prime Minister of Pakistan.Non non-Muslim could hold these offices.

6.Islamic way of life

Steps shall be given to enable the Muslims of Pakistan to order their lives in accordance with the fundamental principles and basic concepts of Islam.

7.Promotion of Social Justice and Eradication of Social Evils

The State shall take necessary steps for prosecution of social justice and eradication of social evils and shall prevent prostitution,gambling and taking of injurious drugs,printing,publication,circulation and display of obscene literature and advertisements.

8.Teachings of Holy Quran

The state shall try to make the teachings of Holy Quran and Islamiat compulsory to encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language.

9.Strengthing Bond,with Muslim World

The state shall endeavour to strengthen fraternal relations among Muslim countries in order to promote Islamic unity.

10.Council of Islamic Ideology

There is a councel of Islamic Ideology which shall guide the government in respect of Islamic teachings,their implementation and propagation.Its chairman and members are appointed by President.Although its advice is not binding on the government yet it is not easy for any government to ignore or over rule its suggestion or opinion regarding any law.

11.Error Free Publication of Quran

The government shall endeavour to secure correct and exact printing and publishing of the Holy Quran.

12.Oath to Project and Promote Islamic Ideology

The federal and Provincial Ministers,the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the National and Provincial Assemblies,the chairman of the Senate and the Governors and Chief Ministers of the Provinces also take oath to preserve and protect the Islamic Ideology.

13.Ahmadi's A Non Muslim Minority

According to the second amendment of 1973 constitution,the Qadiani group or the Lahori group who call themselves "Ahmadi's " were declared as Non-Muslim minority.

Answered: What are Meridians of Longitude?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 05:29:11 +0000

denoted ?, meridians connect the North Pole to the South poles by a set of imaginary lines, and perpendicular with each parallels of latitude. The length of 1º of longitude varies with varying latitude. At the Equator, they are the same length as a degree of latitude, but decrease polewards (Snyder 1987) Learn more in: Overview, Classification and Selection of Map Projections for Geospatial Applications

Answered: Write the functions of town administration .

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 05:26:01 +0000

Towns and villages differ from each other where their functions are concerned. Villages are mainly associated with production related to agricultural activities. The surplus is used by the villages in exchange for other commodities, which they themselves do not produce, from other villages or towns. The village, accessible to all others, generally becomes the focal point for exchange of commodities. This village generally develops into a town. Once a town comes up, it acquires one or more of the functions depending on a number of factors.

The hierarchy of these functions is discussed below:

1. Processing:

Processing is one of the most basic functions of a town and involves processing of agricultural products, for instance, wheat into wheat flour and oilseeds into oil. The most easily accessible village generally becomes the processing centre. This may have been the reason for the emergence of the earliest towns.

2. Trade:

After processing, the next level of towns are associated with trade. The towns act as the centres for exchange of processed items or manufactured goods between two or more places. These markets may operate on a daily or weekly basis. Weekly markets are a common feature throughout India. These centres may also specialise in one or more items such as fruits and vegetables, cattle and food-grains.

3. Wholesale Trade in Agricultural Products:

Towns engaging in wholesale trade in agricultural products for the next high level in functional pattern of towns. Transport facility is a crucial factor in such towns. These towns generally fulfill processing functions also. Later, they may develop manufacturing and other services also.

They are generally small in size and dispersed, often specialising in one commodity or the other. For instance, Hapur is a wholesale centre for food-grains, Ahmedabad and Tiruppur for cotton, Sangli and Erode for turmeric, Bangalore for silk and Guntur for tobacco.

4. Services:

In towns, services like education, health, administration and communication, not adequately available in villages, are well- developed. Of all these functions, administration is the most important one. A town may be the headquarters of a panchayat union, a state cooperative or a district. Administrative towns also have law courts, police stations, government departments associated with developmental works, etc. Chandigarh is a good example of an administrative town.

Answered: What is meant by heavy industry?

Sat, 16 Feb 2019 05:23:47 +0000

Heavy industry is industry that involves one or more characteristics such as large and heavy products; large and heavy equipment and facilities (such as heavy equipment, large machine tools, huge buildings and large-scale infrastructure); or complex or numerous processes. Because of those factors, heavy industry involves higher capital intensity than light industry does, and it is also often more heavily cyclical in investment and employment.

Transportation and construction along with their upstream manufacturing supply businesses have been the bulk of heavy industry throughout the industrial age, along with some capital-intensive manufacturing. Traditional examples from the mid-19th century through the early 20th included steelmaking, artillery production, locomotive erection, machine tool building, and the heavier types of mining. From the late 19th century through the mid-20th, as the chemical industry and electrical industry developed, they involved components of both heavy industry and light industry, which was soon also true for the automotive industry and the aircraft industry. Modern shipbuilding (since steel replaced wood) is considered heavy industry. Large systems are often characteristic of heavy industry such as the construction of skyscrapers and large dams during the post–World War II era, and the manufacture/deployment of large rockets and giant wind turbines through the 21st century

As part of economic strategy

Many East Asian countries rely on heavy industry as key parts of their overall economies. This reliance on heavy industry is typically a matter of government economic policy. Among Japanese and Korean firms with "heavy industry" in their names, many are also manufacturers of aerospace products and defense contractors to their respective countries' governments such as Japan's Fuji Heavy Industries and Korea's Hyundai Rotem, a joint project of Hyundai Heavy Industries and Daewoo Heavy Industries.[2]

In 20th-century communist states, the planning of the economy often focused on heavy industry as an area for large investments, even to the extent of painful opportunity costs on the production–possibility frontier (classically, "lots of guns and not enough butter"). This was motivated by fears of failing to maintain military parity with foreign capitalist powers. For example, the Soviet Union's manic industrialization in the 1930s, with heavy industry as the favored emphasis, sought to bring its ability to produce trucks, tanks, artillery, aircraft, and warships up to a level that would make the country a great power. China under Mao Zedong pursued a similar strategy, eventually culminating in the Great Leap Forward of 1958–1960, an attempt to rapidly industrialize and collectivize.[3][4] This industrialization attempt failed to create industrialization and instead caused the Great Chinese Famine, in which 25-30 million people died prematurely

When did Holy Prophet Hazrat MUHAMMAD (SAWW) performed his last pilgrimage ?

Fri, 15 Feb 2019 12:47:05 +0000

When did Holy Prophet Hazrat MUHAMMAD (SAWW) performed his last pilgrimage ?

Answered: What is the duty of prime minister?

Fri, 15 Feb 2019 12:45:38 +0000

While the laws surrounding prime minister duties vary between countries, these responsibilities are often based on the British system. Prime ministers are the head of state and determine government business and cabinet agendas. A prime minister selects, reassigns and removes cabinet ministers, and prime ministers select upper house members, top civil servants, ambassadors and judges. Additionally, prime ministers hold the power to hide information from the public and parliament.

Additional responsibilities of the prime minister include the ability to hand out honors and utilize the media. Prime ministers may also end their term and call a general election.

Prime ministers are appointed by parliament and are almost always chosen from the political party that holds the most seats. Since members of parliament are able to retain their seat in parliament, this means the legislative and executive branches are almost completely joined. Additionally, if parliament is displeased with a prime minister, members may hold a vote of no confidence to remove the prime minister from office.

Alternatively, some governments utilize a semi-presidential system, where both a president and prime minister exist. In this system, the public elects a president and parliament appoints a prime minister. In some countries, such as Finland, the responsibility of the prime minister is to handle domestic policy while the president handles foreign policy.

Answered: Write down a short note on the event of World trade centre?

Fri, 15 Feb 2019 12:41:19 +0000

Director Oliver Stone once again offers a powerful and provocative story based on real-life events in this drama. Sergeant John McLoughlin (Nicolas Cage) and William J. Jimeno (Michael Peña) were two officers assigned to New York City's Port Authority who were working their beats on a quiet day in early fall when they received an emergency call. The day was September 11, 2001, and McLoughlin and Jimeno were among the policemen who attempted to evacuate the World Trade Center towers after they were struck by airliners piloted by terrorists. Both McLoughlin and Jimeno were inside the fifth building of the World Trade Center when the towers fell, and were two of the last people found alive in the wreckage. As McLoughlin and Jimeno struggled to hold on to their lives as rescuers sifted through the rubble, their spouses -- Donna McLoughlin (Maria Bello) and Allison Jimeno (Maggie Gyllenhaal) -- clung to the desperate hope that their husbands would survive and be found. As the McLoughlin and Jimeno families waited for word on the fate of the two men, they watched as a city and a nation came together with strength and compassion in the face of a tragedy.

In the aftermath of the World Trade Center disaster, hope is still alive. Refusing to bow down to terrorism, rescuers and family of the victims press forward. Their mission of rescue and recovery is driven by the faith that under each piece of rubble, a co-worker, a friend a family member may be found. This is the true story of John McLoughlin and William J. Jimeno, two of the last survivors extracted from Ground Zero and the rescuers who never gave up. It's a story of the true heroes of that fateful time in the history of the United States when buildings would fall and heroes would rise, literally from the ashes to inspire the entire human race.

On September 11, 2001, Port Authority police officers John McLoughlin and Will Jimeno, who are patrolling the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan, see a plane fly dangerously low overhead. As all of the police officers return to the station, they take a glimpse at the TV, and find that the North Tower of the World Trade Center has been hit by a plane. Sergeant McLoughlin assigns many of the officers to assist in an evacuation attempt of the (still undamaged) South Tower, and they board a commandeered Metropolitan Transit Authority bus. On the bus, they hear reports that the South Tower has also been hit.

When they arrive at the site of the World Trade Center, they realize the extent of the disaster and see one of the first victims to jump out of the towers to certain death. As Jimeno drops off their police equipment in 5 World Trade Center, officers proceed to get safety equipment and enter the concourse between the towers. The group consists of McLoughlin, Jimeno, Dominick Pezzulo, and Antonio Rodrigues. An officer named Chris Amoroso appears to inform them of other events, such as the attack on the Pentagon and the second plane's hit on the South Tower, though the group does not accept this. As the men prepare to enter the North Tower, the buildings begin to rumble. McLoughlin realizes that the South Tower is collapsing onto them and that their only chance of survival is to run into the service elevator shaft. Chris trips and does not have time to get up. Rodrigues is unable to get to the shaft in time. McLoughlin, Jimeno and Pezzulo manage to escape the huge amounts of dust and rubble flying down from the South Tower. However, as the rubble continues to crush the elevator shaft, the three are trapped.

As the cascade of debris subsides, Pezzulo realizes he can free himself and manages to move nearer to Jimeno who, along with McLoughlin, is pinned under rubble and cannot move. Pezzulo tries but fails to shift the debris covering Jimeno's legs and is told by McLoughlin not to leave. As Pezzulo becomes optimistic that they will live, the rumbling begins again as the North Tower starts to collapse as well. Although Jimeno and McLoughlin are not further harmed, Pezzulo is fatally wounded. After he fires a gun through a gap in the rubble to try to alert rescuers to their position, he dies.

Answered: In what words did Quaid-e-Azam clear the ideology of pakistan during his address aligarh?

Fri, 15 Feb 2019 12:35:25 +0000

Pakistan was carved out in desperate urgency. It came into existence with horrible loss of life and property, and the migration of millions of dazed and destitute men, women, and children. The cost was heavy in terms of human suffering. But what the Muslims wanted and what they achieved was a homeland of their own. They now had the freedom to worship, practice their religious faith and develop their culture. Moreover, independence had opened up a bright future for the Muslims, who hoped for a better standard of living, economic development, prosperity and a fuller life.

But it seemed in those early years (1947-58) that the immense sacrifices might have been in vain for Pakistan had been struggling from one major crisis to another, fighting to ward off the multiple problems that threatened the nation.

Quaid e azam was perhapes the first statesman in the world who carved an independent

sovereign state purely on the basis of an ideology i-e two-nation theory. quaid was a great

suporter of two-nation theory. In his Presidential address at lahore on 23rd march 1940 he said;

"India is not a nation nor a country.It is a sub-continent,composed of nationalities,

Hindus and Muslims being the two major nations. The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two

different religions,philosophies,social customs and literatue. They neither intermarries nor

interdine and indeed they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on

conflicting ideas and conceptions.their aspects on life and of life are different. It is quite

clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspirations from different sources of history. They

have different epois,their heroes are different and have different epitodes."

Quaid e azam after entering into politics, joine All India National Congress with a

view of securing self-rule for india through constitutional means. For this objective he

advocated Hindu-Muslim Unity. He came to be known as the "ambassodor of Hindu-Muslim unity."

However he was greatly disapointed to see the prejudicial and partisan attitude of the

congress and Hindus towards the muslims. The publication of the nehru report did the last damage.

Quai e azam at last chaged his views about Hindu-Muslim unity.

Answered: Describe the climate and weather.

Fri, 15 Feb 2019 12:26:43 +0000

Weather describes the condition of the atmosphere over a short period of time e.g. from day to day or week to week, while climate describes average conditions over a longer period of time. Step outside and you experience many facets of weather. Humidity, air temperature and pressure, wind speed and direction, cloud cover and type, and the amount and form of precipitation are all atmospheric characteristics of the momentary conditions we call weather.

The sun is ultimately responsible for the weather. Its rays are absorbed differently by land and water surfaces (equal amounts of solar radiation heat the ground more quickly than they do water). Differential warming, in turn, causes variations in the temperature and pressure of overlying air masses.

As an air mass warms, it becomes lighter and rises higher into the atmosphere. As an air mass cools, it becomes heavier and sinks. Pressure differences between masses of air generate winds, which tend to blow from high-pressure areas to areas of low pressure. Fast-moving, upper atmosphere winds known as jet streams help move weather systems around the world.

Large weather systems called cyclones rotate counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere (clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere); they are also called “lows,” because their centers are low-pressure areas. Clouds and precipitation are usually associated with these systems. Anticyclones, or “highs,” rotate in the opposite direction and are high-pressure areas - usually bringing clearer skies and more settled weather.

The boundary between two air masses is called a weather front. Here, wind, temperature, and humidity change abruptly, producing atmospheric instability. When things get “out of balance” in the atmosphere, storms develop, bringing rain or snow and sometimes thunder and lightning too.

The weather you experience is influenced by many factors, including your location’s latitude, elevation, and proximity to water bodies. Even the degree of urban development, which creates “heat islands,” and the amount of snow cover, which chills an overlying air mass, play important roles.

The next time you watch a weather report on television, think about the many factors that influence our weather, some thousands of miles away, that help make the weather what it is.

What is climate

It has been said that “climate is what you expect; weather is what you get”. In other words, you can expect snow in Russia in January, but you may or may not get it on a particular day.

The climate of an area or country is known through the average weather over a long period of time. If an area has more dry days throughout the year than wet days, it would be described as a dry climate; a place which has more cold days than hot days would make it known to have a cold climate.

Write down the names of few animals belonging to the ancient civilization that still exist?

Fri, 15 Feb 2019 12:18:47 +0000

Write down the names of few animals belonging to the ancient civilization that still exist?

Answered: Write a short note on "National Assembly".

Fri, 15 Feb 2019 12:17:32 +0000

Louis XVI - French king; was forced to accept August Decrees and Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen when angry mob of women stormed Versailles in 1789

Jacques Necker - Director general of finance sacked by Louis XVI in 1789; public outrage prompted his reinstatement

Marquis De Lafayette - Nobleman who sided with National Assembly and created French National Guard

The Tennis Court Oath

Three days after splitting from the Estates-General, the delegates from the Third Estate (now the National Assembly) found themselves locked out of the usual meeting hall and convened on a nearby tennis court instead. There, all but one of the members took the Tennis Court Oath, which stated simply that the group would remain indissoluble until it had succeeded in creating a new national constitution.

Upon hearing of the National Assembly’s formation, King Louis XVI held a general gathering in which the government attempted to intimidate the Third Estate into submission. The assembly, however, had grown too strong, and the king was forced to recognize the group. Parisians had received word of the upheaval, and revolutionary energy coursed through the city. Inspired by the National Assembly, commoners rioted in protest of rising prices. Fearing violence, the king had troops surround his palace at Versailles.

The Bastille

Blaming him for the failure of the Estates-General, Louis XVI once again dismissed Director General of Finance Jacques Necker. Necker was a very popular figure, and when word of the dismissal reached the public, hostilities spiked yet again. In light of the rising tension, a scramble for arms broke out, and on July 13, 1789, revolutionaries raided the Paris town hall in pursuit of arms. There they found few weapons but plenty of gunpowder. The next day, upon realizing that it contained a large armory, citizens on the side of the National Assembly stormed the Bastille, a medieval fortress and prison in Paris.

Answered: How many times rainfall occur in Pakistan?

Fri, 15 Feb 2019 12:10:05 +0000

The climate of Pakistan is generally characterized by hot summers and cool or cold winters. Also Pakistan has wide variations between extremes of temperature at given locations. There is little rainfall.

Pakistan has four seasons: a cool and dry winter from December through February; a hot and dry spring from March through May; the summer / rainy season from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November. The duration of these seasons vary somewhat according to location.

The average monthly temperature in Islamabad varies from an average daily low of 2 degrees Celsius (5° Fahrenheit) in January to an average daily high of 40 degrees Celsius (104° Fahrenheit) in June. Half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August, averaging about 255 millimeters (8.8 inch) in each of those two months. The remainder of the year has significantly less rain, amounting to approximately fifty millimeters (1.1 inch) per month.

Interested in more detailed information on the Weather and Climate in Pakistan?

Please select the city you wish to travel to, or the one closest to your destination. Each selected city will show you the following graphs:

1. Average minimum and maximum temperature over the year

2. Average monthly precipitation over the year (rainfall, snow)

3. Average monthly hours of sunshine over the year

On certain pages we also offer other historical weather data like humidity, wind speed and water temperature.

Answered: What was the reaction of Gandhi and Hindus on Pakistan resolution?

Fri, 15 Feb 2019 12:01:08 +0000

Gandhiji supported the idea of a separate state for Muslims.

In a sense he was responsible for the creation of Pakistan.

Scrutinized in the light of the recorded history these prove to be clever distortions to misguide the gullible. Gandhiji in those days was very active in the rough and tumble of politics. The proposal for partition of the country and violent reaction against it generated tensions which ultimately resulted in sectarian killings on a scale unprecedented in human history. For the ethnic Muslims, Gandhiji was a Hindu leader who opposed creation of Pakistan on sectarian grounds. Ethnic Hindus looked upon him as an impediment of their plan to revenge the atrocities on Hindus. Godse was a child of this extremist thinking.

The assassination of Gandhiji was a culmination of decades of systematic brain-washing. Gandhiji had become a thorn in the flesh of the hardcore Hindus and in course of time this resentment turned into a phobia. Beginning with the year 1934 over a period of 14 years on as many as six occasions attempts were made to kill Gandhiji. The last one by Godse on 30-1-48 was successful. The remaining five were made in 1934, in the months of July and September 1944, September 1946 and 20th January 1948. Godse was involved in two previous attempts. When the unsuccessful attempts of 1934, 1944 and 1946 were made the proposal regarding the partition and the matter regarding release of Rs. 55 crore to Pakistan were not in existence at all. The conspiracy to do away with Gandhiji was conceived much earlier than the successful accomplishment thereof. Tire grounds advanced for this heinous crime are clever rationalization to hoodwink the gullible. The staging of the play entitled, "Mee Nathuram Godse Boltoy" (Nathuram Godse speaking) is a clear proof of the fact that the mindset that led to Gandhiji's assassination has not disappeared from our national life.

A civil society is wedded to the democratic method of resolving differences by a frank and open debate and evolving a working consensus. Gandhiji was always open to persuasion. Gandhiji had invited Godse for discussions but the later did not avail of this opportunity given to him. This is indicative of the lack of faith in democratic way of resolving differences on the part of Godse and his ilk. Such fascist mindset seeks to do away with dissent by liquidating the opponents.

The Hindu backlash was as much responsible for the creation of Pakistan as the sentiments of the ethnic Muslims. The hard core Hindus looked down upon the Muslims as misguided "Mlechchh" - unclean and came to believe that coexistence with them was not possible. Mutual distrust and recriminations led the extremists among both the groups to regard Hindus and Muslims as different nationalities and this strengthened the Muslim league's demand for partition as the only possible solution to the communal problem. Vested interests on both the sides stirred up the separatist sentiment and sought to justify their hate - campaign by clever and selective distortion of history. It is indeed a matter for serious concern for the nation that this mentality has not disappeared even today.

Poet Mohamed Iqbal who wrote the famous song "Sare Jahanse Acchchha Hindostan Hamara" was the first to formulate the concept of a separate state for Muslims as early as 1930. Needless to state that this sentiment was in a sense, strengthened by Hindu extremists. In 1937 at the open session of the Hindu Mahasabha held at Ahmedabad, Veer Savarkar in his presidential address asserted : "India cannot be assumed today to be Unitarian and homogenous nation, but on the contrary there are two nations in the main - the Hindus and the Muslims." (Vide writings Swatantrya Veer Savarkar, Vol. 6 page 296, Maharashtra Prantiya Hindu Mahasabha, Pune). In 1945, he had stated "I have no quarrel with Mr. Jinnah's two nation theory. We, the Hindus are a nation by ourselves, and it is a historical fact that the Hindus and the Muslims are two nations." (vide Indian Educational Register 1943 vol. 2 page 10). It was this sentiment of separate and irreconcilable identities of the followers of these religions that led to the formation of Pakistan.

In complete contrast to this mentality Gandhiji throughout his life remained an un-compromising advocate of oneness of God, respect for all religions, equality of all men and nonviolence in thought, speech and action. His daily prayers comprised verses, devotional songs and readings from different scriptures. All people irrespective of their allegiance to different religions, attended those meetings. Till his dying day Gandhiji held the view that the nationality of fellow citizens was not in any way affected by the fact of his subscribing to religious belief other than yours. During his life, on more than one occasions he strove for unity and equality among Hindus themselves as well as amity among Hindus and Muslims even risking his life. The idea of partition was an anathema to him. He was given to saying that he would sooner die than subscribe to such a pernicious doctrine. His life was an open book and no substantiation is necessary on this score.